Gandhi Before India (88 page)

31.
‘Report of the Protector of Immigrants for the year ending June 30, 1893’, in Natal Government House Documents, on microfilm, Reel 6, Accession no. 2179, NMML.

32.
This paragraph is based on a walking tour of Durban in October 2009, in the company (and under the guidance) of the novelist Aziz Hassim.

33.
NM
, 24 May 1893.

34.
Letter in
NA
, 29 May 1893, reproduced in
CWMG
, I, pp. 57–8.

35.
See Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II,
Chapters VIII
and
IX
. I return to the significance of the train incident in
Chapter 5
below.

36.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II,
Chapters X
,
XI
and
XIV
.

37.
Bengt Sundkler and Christopher Steed,
A History of the Church in Africa
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 417–18.

38.
A. W. Baker,
Grace Triumphant: The Life Story of a Carpenter, Lawyer, and Missionary, in South Africa from 1856 to 1939
(London: Pickering and Inglis, 1939), pp. 84–6.

39.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II,
Chapter XIV
.

40.
Cf. Surendra Bhana and Bridglal Pachai, eds,
A Documentary History of Indian South Africans
(Cape Town: David Philip, 1984), pp. 33–4.

41.
NA
, 19 September 1893, in
CWMG
, I, pp. 59–61.

42.
NA
, clippings dated 19 and 28 September 1893, S. N. 37 and S. N. 40, SAAA.

43.
NA
, 29 September 1893, in
CWMG
, I, pp. 63–4.

44.
‘Guide to London’,
CWMG
, I, pp. 66–120.

45.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II,
Chapters XVI
and
XVII
.

46.
See Burnett Britton,
Gandhi Arrives in South Africa
(Canton, Maine: Green-leaf Books, 1999), pp. 75–6, 80–83, 88; Swan,
Gandhi
, p. 38f.

47.
See CO 179/185, NAUK.

48.
As quoted in E. H. Brookes and C. de B. Webb,
A History of Natal
(2nd edn, Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1987), pp. 172.

49.
John Robinson,
A Life Time in South Africa: Being the Recollections of the First Premier of Natal
(London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1900), pp. 76–7.

50.
NA
, 3 September 1894;
Natal Witness
, of the same date, respectively S. N. 107 and S. N. 99, SAAA.

51.
Quoted in Maynard W. Swanson, ‘
;“The Asiatic Menace”: Creating Segregation in Durban, 1870–1900’,
International Journal of African Historical Studies
, 16:3, p. 411.

52.
Petition dated 28 June 1894, in
CWMG
, I, pp. 128–32.

53.
NM
, 29 June 1894.

54.
Cf. Laughlin to Gandhi, 18 May 1896, S. N. 964, NGM.

55.
In CWMG, this petition to Ripon is said to have been signed by ‘Hajee Mohamed Hajee Dada and Sixteen Others’; however, the original petition, which I have seen on microfilm, says it was signed by ‘Hajee Mohamed Hajee Dada and 8,888 others’.

56.
This account of the petitions and letters written by Gandhi is based on the documents in
CWMG
, I, pp. 128–91.

57.
Minute dated 27 July 1894, in Natal Government House Documents, on microfilm, Reel 6, Accession No. 2179, NMML.

58.
Sir Hercules Robinson to Lord Ripon, 11 July 1894, in Ms. 43563, Ripon Papers, BL.

59.
See correspondence in Ms. 43563, Ripon Papers, BL.

60.
See
CWMG
, I, pp. 162–5.

61.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II,
Chapter XVIII
;
NM
, 6 September 1894;
NA
, 20 September 1894, S. N. 149 and 159 respectively, SAAA.

62.
Natal Witness
, 6 September 1894, S. N. 150, SAAA.

63.
Star
, 26 December 1894, S. N. 204, SAAA.

64.
Natal Witness
, 29 December 1894;
NM
, 7 January 1895, S.N 208 and 212 respectively, SAAA.

65.
NA
, 7 January 1895.

66.
Times of Natal
, 22 and 27 October 1894, S. N. 171 and 173 respectively, SAAA. Gandhi’s letter is reprinted in
CWMG
, I, pp. 166–7.

1.
CWMG
,
Supplementary Volume I (1894–1928)
, p. 14.

2.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II, Chapter XXII.

3.
This incident is recounted, based on ‘personal information’, in E. H. Brookes and C. de B. Webb,
A History of Natal
(2nd edn, Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1987), p. 185.

4.
See A. N. Wilson,
God’s Funeral: The Decline of Faith in Western Civilization
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1999); J. T. F. Jordens,
Dayananda Saraswati: His Life and Ideas
(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1978).

5.
Anna Kingsford,
The Perfect Way in Diet: A Treatise Advocating a Return to the Natural and Ancient Food of our Race
(6th edn, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., 1895), pp. 19, 76ff, 114.

6.
The Perfect Way, Or the
Finding of Christ
, was first published by Adams and Co. in London in 1882. Maitland published enlarged and revised editions in 1887 and 1890. I have here used an excerpt published in Kessinger Publishing’s Rare Reprints series.

7.
See Rene Fueloep-Miller, ‘Tolstoy: The Apostolic Crusader’,
Russian Review
, 19:2 (1960); Rosamund Bartlett,
Tolstoy: A Russian Life
(London: Profile Books, 2010),
Chapters 11
and
12
.

8.
Leo Tolstoy,
The Kingdom of God is Within You
(1893) reprinted in
The Kingdom of God and Peace Essays
, translated by Aylmer Maude (reprint New Delhi: Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2001).

9.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II,
Chapter XV
.

10.
Cf. J. T. F. Jordens,
Gandhi’s Religion: A Homespun Shawl
(first published in 1998; 2nd edn, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012),
Chapter 2
and
passim
.

11.
NM
, 28 November and 19 December 1894, S. N. 184 and 202, SAAA.

12.
This account of the correspondence between Gandhi and Raychandbhai is based on
Mahatma Gandhi and Kavi Rajchandraji: Questions Answered
(3rd edn, Ahmedabad: Shrimad Rajchandra Gyan Pracharak Trust, 1991 –translated from the Gujarati by Brahmachari Sri Goverdhandas). A different and apparently less reliable translation is published in
CWMG
, XXXII, pp. 593–602.

13.
‘A Band of Vegetarian Missionaries’,
CWMG
, I, pp. 222–8.

14.
CWMG
, I, pp. 229–44.

15.
These paragraphs are based on the correspondence between the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Natal Government in Natal Government House Documents, on microfilm, Reel 6, Accession No. 2179, NMML.

16.
S. N. 890 and 958, SAAA.

17.
Natal Witness
, 9 February 1896, S. N. 753, SAAA.

18.
Undated editorial from a Natal newspaper, entitled ‘Durban Doings’,
c.
August/September 1895, S. N. 529, SAAA.

19.
CWMG
, II, pp. 16–8.

20.
Gandhi’s legal career in Durban,
c.
1895–6, is covered in depth in Burnett Britton,
Gandhi Arrives in South Africa
(Canton, Maine: Greenleaf Books, 1999). This is a little-known privately published work, but immensely valuable nonetheless.

21.
Charles DiSalvio,
The Man Before the Mahatma: M. K. Gandhi, Attorney-at-Law
(NOIDA, UP: Random House India, 2012), pp. 65, 80–82.

22.
Report from the
Natal Mercury
, cited in Britton,
Gandhi Arrives in South Africa
, notes section, p. xviii.

23.
Ian Morrison,
Durban: A Pictorial History
(Cape Town: C. Struik, 1987); Monica Fairall,
When in Durban
(Cape Town; C. Struik, 1983).

24.
The term ‘neo-Europe’ was coined by Alfred Crosby in his
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

25.
Walter Hely Hutchinson, ‘Natal: Its
Resources and Capabilities’ (address to the London Chamber of Commerce, 8 June 1898), copy in File 2399, L/P&J/6/497, APAC/BL.

26.
Cf. the biographical information provided in David Dick,
Who Was Who in Durban Street Names
(Durban: Clerkington Publishing Co., 1998).

27.
See table dated 13 April 1904, prepared by the Town Clerk, Durban, in Natal Government House Records, on microfilm, Reel 6, Accession No. 2174, NMML. In the decade of the 1890s, the proportion of Indians in trade increased from 0.8 per cent to 5 per cent.
c.
1900, the per capita income of Indians in Natal was roughly six times that of Africans, but still one-sixth that of Europeans. See Zbigniew A. Konczacki,
Public Finance and Economic Development in Natal, 1893
–
1910
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1967), pp. 5, 27.

28.
Robert A. Huttenback,
Gandhi in South Africa
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971), pp. 38–9.

29.
Letter dated 7 March 1891, in
Correspondence Relating to the Proposal to Establish Responsible Government in Natal
(London: HMSO, 1891 – C. 4687), pp. 40–41.

30.
CWMG
, I, pp. 245–51.

31.
Gillian Berning, ed.,
Gandhi Letters: From Upper House to Lower House, 1906–1914
(Durban: Local History Museum, 1994), p. 44; interview with Azim Hassan, Durban, October 2009.

32.
Quoted in Britton,
Gandhi Arrives in South Africa
, pp. 256–7.

33.
See ibid., pp. 296–300.

34.
Cf. André Odendaal,
Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912
(Towota, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books, 1984),
Chapter 1
, ‘African Politics from the Earliest Years to 1899’.

35.
NM
, 18 and 25 October 1895, S. N. 572 and 595, SAAA.

36.
Cf. S. N. 606, 611, 628, 629, 639 and 650, SAAA.

37.
‘The Indians in the Transvaal’, editorial in
NA
, 19 November 1895, S. N. 640, SAAA.

38.
Clipping dated 4 November 1895, S. N. 612, SAAA.

39.
Cf. ‘Sixty Years Memoir of Vincent Lawrence of 67 Gale Street, Durban, Natal’, typescript in E. S. Reddy Papers, NMML.

40.
Paul Tichman,
Gandhi Sites in Durban
(Durban: Old Court House Museum, n.d.), pp. 17–8; Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II, chapters XXIII and XXIV; Pyarelal,
Mahatma Gandhi
, I:
The Early Phase
(Ahmedabad: Navajivan Press, 1965), pp. 491–3. So as not to embarrass Mehtab’s family, Gandhi did not name him in his text, referring merely to a ‘friend’.

41.
‘The Indian Franchise’,
CWMG
, I, pp. 266–90.

42.
W. W. Hunter to M. K. Gandhi, 13 May 1896, S. N. 948, SAAA.

43.
H. K. Khare to M. K. Gandhi, 11 July 1896, S. N. 743, SAAA.

44.
Natal Witness
, 25 December 1895;
South African Times
, 25 December 1895, respectively S. N. 699 and 703, SAAA.

45.
NA
, 11 January 1896, S. N. 715, SAAA.

46.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II, Chapter XXIV.

1.
NA
, 5 June 1896, S. N. 1004, SAAA.

2.
See S. N. 1005, SAAA.

3.
See S. N. 1006, SAAA.

4.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II, Chapter XXIV.

5.
‘The Grievances of the British Indians in South Africa’,
CWMG
, II, pp. 2–50.

6.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II, Chapters XXV and XXVI.

7.
‘Out of pocket expenses in connection with the movement in India with regard to the grievances of the British Indian in South Africa’, S. N. 1310, SAAA; also in
CWMG
, II, pp. 104–15.

8.
Times of India
, 2 September 1896, quoted in Burnett Britton,
Gandhi Arrives in South Africa
(Canton, Maine: Greenleaf Books, 1999), pp. 442–3.

9.
‘Speech at Public Meeting’, Bombay, 26 September 1896,
CWMG
, II, pp. 50–60.

10.
See ‘The Elevation of the Depressed Classes’, in
Speeches of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(2nd edn, Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1916), pp. 1055–6. This is Gokhale’s recollection of Ranade’s talk – an original text of which does not exist. Ranade was a precocious critic of caste hierarchies and caste exclusivism. Throughout the 1890s, in his annual addresses to the Indian Social Conference, he promoted inter-dining, intermarriage, the emancipation of women, and other such measures. See
The Miscellaneous Writings of the Late Hon’ble Mr Justice M. G. Ranade
(Bombay: The Manoranjan Press, 1915),
passim
.

11.
For a still valuable dual biography, see Stanley Wolpert’s
Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India
(1961, reprint New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989).

12.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part II, Chapter XXVIII.