Gandhi Before India (90 page)

41.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part III,
Chapter V
.

42.
See ‘Report on the James Godfrey Case’, in Natal Government House Records, on microfilm, Reel 1, Accession No. 2174, NMML.

43.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part III,
Chapter V
.

44.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part IV,
Chapter X
.

45.
M. K. Gandhi to Revashankar Zaveri, 21 May 1901, in
CWMG
, III, pp. 230–31.

46.
CWMG
, XIII, p. 143.

47.
Gandhi, ‘Preface to “Srimad Rajchandra”’,
CWMG
, XXXII, pp. 9–13.

48.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part III,
Chapter XII
.

49.
Charles DiSalvio,
The Man Before the Mahatma: M. K. Gandhi, Attorney-at-Law
(NOIDA, UP: Random House India, 2012), p. 147.

50.
See S. N. 3920, SAAA.

51.
NA
, 16 October 1901, S. N. 3919, SAAA.

52.
M. K. Gandhi to Parsee Rustomjee, 18 October 1901,
CWMG
, III, pp. 246–7.

53.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part III,
Chapter XII
. Kasturba’s chastisement is here rendered in Mahadev Desai’s English translation of her husband’s recollections; it would, of course, originally have been offered in Gujarati.

54.
Parsee Rustomjee to M. K. Gandhi, 19 October 1901, S. N. 3924, SAAA.

55.
This account of Gandhi’s visit to Mauritius is largely based on the news reports (in French and English) reproduced in Pahlad Ramsurrun,
Mahatma Gandhi and his Impact on Mauritius
(New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1995), pp. 120–31; supplemented by U. Bissoondoyal,
Gandhi and Mauritius and Other Essays
(Moka: Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1988), pp. 6–12.

56.
Annie Besant
, ed.,
How India Wrought for Freedom: The Story of the National Congress told from Official Records
(Madras: Theosophical Publishing House, 1915), pp. 333–40.

57.
CWMG
, III, pp. 252–5.

58.
The standard biography, on which these paragraphs draw, remains B. R. Nanda,
Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977). Also useful is Govind Talwalkar’s
Gopal Krishna Gokhale: His Life and Times
(New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 2006).

59.
Gandhi,
An Autobiography
, Part III,
Chapter XVII
.

60.
Indian Mirror
, 26 January 1902, quoted in Gopalkrishna Gandhi, ed.,
A Frank Friendship: Gandhi and Bengal
(Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2007), pp. 26–9.

61.
CWMG
, III, pp. 255–7, 260–66.

62.
Gandhi to Gokhale, 30 January 1902,
CWMG
, III, pp. 266–7.

63.
Gandhi to Chhaganlal Gandhi, 23 January 1902,
CWMG
, II, p. 257.

64.
Chandulal Bhagubhai Dalal,
Harilal Gandhi: A Life
, edited and translated from the Gujarati by Tridip Suhrud (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2007), pp. 4–5.

65.
Pyarelal,
Mahatma Gandhi
, II:
The Discovery of Satyagraha – On the Threshold
(first published in 1980; reprint, Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1997), pp. 399–403;
CWMG
, III, pp. 274–306.

66.
See Arthur Percival Newton, ed.,
Select Documents Relating to the Unification of South Africa
(1924; reprint, London: Frank Cass, 1968), vol. I, pp. 205–8.

67.
A. P. Thornton,
The Imperial Idea and its Enemies: A Study in British Power
(first published in 1959; 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, 1985), p. 137.

68.
Gandhi to D. B. Shukla, 8 November 1902,
CWMG
, III, pp. 315–6.

69.
See Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie,
Gandhi’s Prisoner? The life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal
(Cape Town: Kwela Books, 2004), p. 50.

70.
Gandhi
, An Autobiography
, Part III, Chapter XXIII.

71.
Gandh to Devchand Parekh, 6 August 1902,
CWMG
, III, pp. 312–13.

1.
CWMG
, III, p. 316.

2.
W. H. Moor, Assistant Colonial Secretary, to Tayob Hadji Khan Mohomed, 6 January 1903, in Natal Government Records (on microfilm), Reel 2, Accession No. 2175, NMML.

3.
CWMG
, III, pp. 325–32.

4.
Gandhi to Chhaganlal, 5 February 1903,
CWMG
, III, p. 337.

5.
See Application 252, vol. 8/654, ZTPD, NASA.

6.
Eric Itzkin,
Gandhi’s Johannesburg: Birthplace of Satyagraha
(Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2000), pp. 12–3.

7.
Quoted in Geoffrey Wheatcroft,
The Randlords
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1985), p. 4.

8.
‘Johannesburg: A City of Unrest’, originally published in the
Pall Mall Gazette
, reproduced in
Indian Opinion
, 12 May 1906.

9.
Jonathan Hyslop, ‘Gandhi, Mandela, and the African Modern’, in Sarah Nuttall and Achille Mbembe, eds,
Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis
(Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2008), pp. 121–2. Cf. also
Nechama Brodie, ed.,
The Joburg Book: A Guide to the City’s History, People and Places
(Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan South Africa, 2008),
Chapter 3
, ‘Foundations of the City’.

10.
Hannes Meiring, with G-M van der Waal and Wilhelm Grütter,
Early Johannesburg: Its Building and its People
(Cape Town: Human and Rousseau, 1985), pp. 36–8; Diary of the Town Clerk of Johannesburg for 1904, Reel 34, Lionel Curtis Papers (on microfilm), Bodleian Library, Oxford.

11.
John Buchan,
The African Colony: Studies in the Reconstuction
(Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903),
Chapter 15
, ‘Johannesburg’.

12.
See for instance, File 8593, vol. 367, CS; File 9199, vol. 377, CS; File 8491, vol. 365, CS; all in NASA.

13.
Milner to Joseph Chamberlain (Secretary of State for the Colonies), 11 May 1903, in
Despatch from the Governor of the Transvaal Respecting the Position of British Indians in that Colony
(London: HMSO, 1903 – Cd. 1684).

14.
Milner to Joseph Chamberlain, 12 May 1903, in
Correspondence Relating to a Proposal to Employ Indian Coolies Under Indenture on Railways in the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony
(London: HMSO, 1903 – Cd. 1683). On Milner’s attitude to Indians, see also Cecil Headlam, ed.,
The Milner Papers: South Africa, 1899–1905
, vol. II (London: Cassell and Company, Ltd., 1933), pp. 429–30.

15.
CWMG
, III, pp. 364–71.

16.
Rand Daily Mail
, 6 June 1903, clipping in Natal Government Records (on microfilm), Reel 3, Accession No. 2176, NMML.

17.
‘Indians in the Transvaal: The Johannesburg Meeting’,
IO
, 4 June 1903.

18.
Cf. advertisement in
IO
, 4 June 1903.

19.
Burnett Britton,
Gandhi Arrives in South Africa
(Canton, Maine: Greenleaf Books, 1999), pp. 232, 303:
CWMG
, II, p. 251 and footnote.

20.
Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie, ‘From Advocacy to Mobilisation:
Indian Opinion
,
1903–1914
’, in L. Switzer, ed.,
South Africa’s Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1850–1960
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

21.
Isabel Hofmeyr, ‘Gandhi’s Printing Press: Print Cultures of the Indian Ocean’, in Kris Manjapra and Sugata Bose, eds,
Cosmopolitan Thought Zones
(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).

22.
CWMG
, III, pp. 376–7, 380.

23.
IO
, 3 June 1903.

24.
Cf. Vijaya Ramaswamy, ‘
Indian Opinion
: Voice of the Tamil Diaspora’, in
The Editor Gandhi and
Indian
Opinion: Seminar Papers
(New Delhi: National Gandhi Museum, 2007).

25.
See Surendra Bhana and James D. Hunt, eds,
Gandhi’s Editor: The Letters of M. H. Nazar, 1902
–
1903
(New Delhi: Promilla and Co., 1989), pp. 94–5, 99–100, 107–8, etc; Pyarelal,
Mahatma Gandhi
, III:
The Birth of Satyagraha –
from Petitioning to Passive Resistance
(Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1986), pp. 74–7.

26.
CWMG
, III, pp. 424–7.

27.
IO
, 9 July 1903.

28.
IO
, 10 September 1903.

29.
See
IO
, 13 August 1903.

30.
To this dispassionate summary, we might juxtapose the rather more fevered language of the common-or-garden variety of colonist. In 1902, a Uitlander published a book defending the Boer treatment of Indians. This rejected the idea that as ‘British subjects’ they deserved a sympathetic hearing. Indian traders and hawkers constituted a ‘frightful danger to public health’. Their removal to locations out of sight of whites was ‘a most necessary sanitary reform’. Warming to his theme, the colonist claimed that it was ‘quite a common thing to find the coolies – the majority of them fruit and vegetable hawkers – not only huddled together, men, women, and children, to the number of eight or ten, or even more, in a tin shanty of perhaps less than ten feet square, with their stock-in-trade in the same room, as often as not packed under the bed, if indeed there was a bed at all, but in some cases actually sleeping on the vegetables which the following day they would be hawking around the town.’ See Edward B. Rose,
The Truth about the Transvaal: A Record of Facts Based upon Twelve Years Residence in the Country
(London: published by the author, 1902), pp. 142–4.

31.
IO
, 25 June 1903, in
CWMG
, III, pp. 417–19.

32.
See letter from L. W. Ritch, published in
The Theosophist
, April 1897. (I am grateful to Shimon Low for this reference.)

33.
Albert West, ‘In the Early Days with Gandhi – 1’,
Illustrated Weekly of India
, 3 October 1965.

34.
These biographical details are drawn from H. S. L. Polak, ‘Who’s Who? An Essay in World Consciousness’, typescript written probably in the 1940s, in Mss Eur D.1238/1, APAC/BL. Cf. also ‘Mr and Mrs. Polak’,
IO
, 13 January 1906.

35.
H. S. L. Polak, ‘Mahatma Gandhi: Some Early Reminiscences’, typescript probably from the early 1930s, in Mss Eur D.1238/1, APAC/BL.

36.
Cf. Gustav Saron and Louis Hotz, eds,
The Jews in South Africa: A History
(Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 85–6, 89.

37.
See Shimon Low, ‘Mahatma Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach in South Africa, 1904–1914’, MA dissertation (Faculty of Humanities, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, April 2010), pp. 26–9, 35–40, etc. As this book goes to press, Mr Low’s dissertation has been published as
Soulmates: The Story of Mahatma Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach
(Hyderabad: Orient Black-Swan, 2012).

38.
In 1895, when the first attempts to consign Asians to locations were made, a group of forty European merchants wrote to the government saying the
Indians in Johannesburg kept ‘their business places, as well as their places of residence, in a clean and proper sanitary state – in fact, as good as the Europeans’. The names appended to this letter were mostly Jewish – Schneider, Fogelman, Behrens, Friedman, etc. See correspondence in File 3681, L/P&J/6/783, APAC/BL.

39.
Cf. File 402, L/P&J/6/628, APAC/BL.

40.
The letters of Bhownaggree, Lyttelton, Lawley and Milner are printed in
Correspondence Relating to the Position of British Indians in the Transvaal (in Continuation of Cd. 1684)
(London: HMSO, 1904). Despite his manifest prejudice against Indians, Alfred Lawley was, shortly afterwards, appointed Governor of the Madras Presidency.

41.
For details, see John Mcleod, ‘“Indian Tory”: A Biography of Sir Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownaggree’ (book manuscript in preparation),
Chapter 12
.

42.
See
Daily Graphic
, 5 August 1904, S. N. 4201, SAAA. Bhownaggree was answered in the same columns by the president of the Amalgamated Chambers of Commerce of the Transvaal, who accused Indian merchants of ‘unfair competition’, claiming ‘the encroachments’ they had made were already so large that, if left unchecked, they ‘could only ultimately result in South Africa becoming an Asiatic country’. The white trader was answered in turn by an Indian student from London University, who noted that in Bombay, Europeans and Indians lived and traded side by side, because ‘the English traders do not want their 25 to 30 per cent on their capital, as the traders and capitalists in South Africa do.’ See letters by H. R. Abercrombie and S. B. Gadgil,
Daily Graphic
, 16 and 24 September 1904, clippings in Mss Eur. F 111/258, APAC/BL.

43.
CWMG
, IV, pp. 49–50, 112–13.

44.
CWMG
, IV, pp. 149–51.

45.
West, ‘In the Early Days with Gandhi – 1’;
IO
, 30 April 1904.

46.
Keith Brown,
Johannesburg: The Making and Shaping of the City
(Pretoria: University of South Africa Press, 2004), pp. 75–8.

47.
CWMG
, IV, pp. 183–4, 203–5.

48.
Note of a meeting held on 26 February 1904, in Natal Government Records (on microfilm), Reel 3, Accession No. 2176, NMML.

49.
See
IO
, 27 May 1905.

50.
Reports in
IO
, 28 May, 4 June and 13 August 1904.