Gettysburg: The Last Invasion (93 page)

  
1.
Peter W. Alexander, “Confederate Chieftains,”
Southern Literary Messenger
37 (January 1863), 34; Winey,
Confederate Uniforms at Gettysburg
, 20; Michael Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
(New York: Random House, 2000), 90.

  
2.
Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander
, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 90; Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 34; Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
, 10, 11, 13.

  
3.
Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 56; Chesnut, diary entry for July 24, 1861, in
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 116.

  
4.
J. William Jones,
Personal Reminiscences, Anecdotes, and Letters of Gen. Robert E. Lee
(New York: D. Appleton, 1875), 60, 482; Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 67–68, 187; Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
, 60.

  
5.
Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 125, 144–45, 278; Douglas Southall Freeman,
R. E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: Scribners, 1936), 1:372; Armistead L. Long,
Memoirs of Robert E. Lee: His Military and Personal History
, ed. M. J. Wright (Philadelphia: J. M. Stoddart, 1887), 83; Mosby, “A Rejoinder to General Robertson,”
The Century
35 (December 1887), 323;
My Life in the Old Army: The Reminiscences of Abner Doubleday from the Collections of the New-York Historical Society
, ed. Joseph E. Chance (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1998), 214–15; Roy Blount,
Robert E. Lee: A Life
(New York: Penguin, 2003), 62, 63; Thomas Connelly and Barbara Bellows,
God and General Longstreet
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 98–99.

  
6.
Emory M. Thomas,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 173; Alan Nolan,
Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 112–13; Lee to Jefferson Davis (July 6, 1864), in
Lee’s Despatches: Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, CSA, to Jefferson Davis
, eds. D. S. Freeman and G. McWhiney (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1957), 368; Lee to G. W. C. Lee (February 28, 1863), in
The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, eds. Clifford Dowdey and L. H. Manarin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 411; Peter S. Carmichael, “Lee’s Search for the Battle of Annihilation,” in
Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 17.

  
7.
Stephens, “My Impression of General R. E. Lee,”
Southern Bivouac
1 (February 1886), 538;
Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby
, 375.

  
8.
Pryor,
Reading the Man
, 125, 144–45; Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 1:372; Long,
Memoirs of Robert E. Lee
, 83; Mosby, “A Rejoinder to General Robertson,”
The Century
35 (December 1887), 323;
My Life in the Old Army: The Reminiscences of Abner Doubleday from the Collections of the New-York Historical Society
, ed. Chance, 214–15; Blount,
Robert E. Lee
, 62, 63; Alexander, in
Fighting for the Confederacy
, 91; Davis, “Robert E. Lee,”
North American Review
150 (January 1890), 65; Thomas Connelly,
The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image
in American Society
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), 208;
Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby
, 374.

  
9.
Davis, “Robert E. Lee,” 62; Clifford Dowdey,
The Seven Days: The Emergence of Lee
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1964), 139–42; Stephen W. Sears,
To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign
(New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1992), 155–56; “Special Orders No. 22” (June 1, 1862), in
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1890–1901), series one, 11 (pt. 3):569 (hereafter abbreviated as
O.R.
); Nofi, “Introduction: History, Politics and James Longstreet,” in
James Longstreet
, 13; Robert M. Epstein, “The Creation and Evolution of the Army Corps in the American Civil War,”
Journal of Military History
55 (January 1991), 22, 25, 26.

10.
A. R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in the Campaign of 1862,”
Southern Historical Society Papers
40 (September 1915), 165 (hereafter abbreviated as
SHSP
); Henry Kyd Douglas,
I Rode With Stonewall, Being Chiefly the War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson’s Staff
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 113; Lee to Jefferson Davis (June 5, 1862, and September 4, 1862), in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 183–84, 288; “Letter From Major General Heth, of A.P. Hill’s Corps, A.N.V.,”
SHSP
4 (October 1877), 153–54; Glatthaar,
General Lee’s Army
, 174–82, 223; Brian Steel Wills,
The War Hits Home: The Civil War in Southeastern Virginia
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001), 74; Lee to Milledge L. Bonham (May 22, 1861), in
O.R
., series one, 2:865; Fellman,
The Making of Robert E. Lee
, 126, 127–28; Schiebert,
Seven Months in the Rebel States During the North American War
, W. M. S. Hoole, ed. (1958; Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009), 75.

11.
Lee to James A. Seddon (June 8, 1863) and Jefferson Davis (June 10, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 3):869, 882; Thomas,
R. E. Lee
, 287.

12.
Lee to Jefferson Davis (March 21, 1863), in
Lee’s Despatches
, 81; Carmichael, “Lee’s Search for the Battle of Annihilation,” 15–16; Schiebert,
Seven Months in the Rebel States
, 75; Epstein, “Creation and Evolution of the Army Corps,” 24–26; Douglas Southall Freeman,
Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command
(New York: Scribner’s, 1943), 2:467–94; Russell F. Weigley,
The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy
(New York: Macmillan, 1973), 108.

13.
Lee to Jefferson Davis (May 20, 1863), in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 488; “Special Orders No. 146” (May 30, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 25 (pt. 2):840; Ethan S. Rafuse,
Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863–1865
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 42.

14.
Lee to John Bell Hood (May 21, 1863), in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 490; Alexander, “Confederate Chieftains,” 37–38; William Garrett Piston,
Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 4–6, 21–22, 26–27, 33, 97; William Garrett Piston, “Petticoats, Promotions, and Military Assignments: Favoritism and the Antebellum Career of James Longstreet,” in
James Longstreet
, eds. DiNardo and Nofi, 57–61; Daniel Harvey Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base and Malvern Hill,” in
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, eds. R. U. Johnson and C. C. Buel (1884–1888; New York: Thomas Yoseleff, 1956), 2:391; Fitzgerald Ross,
A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States
(Edinburgh: Wm. Blackwood & Sons, 1865), 146; Thomas Goree to Sarah Williams Kittrellm Goree (December 14, 1861), in
Longstreet’s Aide: The Civil War Letters of Major Thomas J. Goree
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 60; Bela Estvàn,
War Pictures from the South
(London: Routledge, Warne & Routledge, 1863), 308; Lafayette McLaws to Isaac Pennypacker (August 28, 1888), Lafayette McLaws Letters, Wofford College

15.
James I. Robertson,
Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend
(New York:
Macmillan, 1997), 585, 590, 595, 627, 639, 679–80, 693; Lee to Jefferson Davis (May 20, 1863), in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 488; James I. Robertson,
General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior
(New York: Random House, 1987), 192, 193; William J. Miller,
Mapping for Stonewall: The Civil War Service of Jed Hotchkiss
(Washington, DC: Elliott & Clark, 1993), 167.

16.
Donald C. Pfanz,
Richard S. Ewell: A Soldier’s Life
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 135, 268, 273, 277; Thomas H. Carter, “General Richard S. Ewell,”
SHSP
39 (April 1914), 7; Taylor,
Destruction and Reconstruction
, 39; Paul D. Casdorph,
Confederate General R. S. Ewell: Robert E. Lee’s Hesitant Commander
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 23–24, 27, 81, 85, 204; Robert G. Tanner,
Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign, 1862
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 52; Peter Cozzens,
Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 329;
Campbell Brown’s Civil War: With Ewell and the Army of Northern Virginia
, ed. Terry L. Jones (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 157–58.

17.
Gary W. Gallagher, “Confederate Corps Leadership on the First Day at Gettysburg: A. P. Hill and Richard S. Ewell in a Difficult Debut,” in
Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999), 37–38; Larry B. Maier,
Gateway to Gettysburg: The Second Battle of Winchester
(Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 2002), 284; Hunter McGuire, “Clinical Remarks on Gun-shot Wounds of Joints” (January 10, 1866),
Richmond Medical Journal
1 (March 1866), 262; John Warwick Daniel, “General Jubal A. Early” (December 13, 1894),
SHSP
22 (January–December 1894), 328; R. H. Early,
Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early
, xxiv–xxv.

18.
Jefferson Davis to Robert E. Lee (May 26, 1863), in
The Papers of Jefferson Davis: January–September 1863
, eds. L. L. Crist et al. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 191; Robert K. Krick, “The Unfulfilled Promise of Robert E. Lee’s Favorite Officer,”
America’s Civil War
20 (January 2008), 43–44; Bartholomees,
Buff Facings and Gilt Buttons
, 40; Robertson,
A. P. Hill
, 177–78; Lee to Jefferson Davis (May 28, 1863), in
Lee’s Despatches
, 96; Jedediah Hotchkiss, “Virginia,” in Clement A. Evans, ed.,
Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History
(Atlanta: Confederate Publishing, 1899) 3:392;
One of Lee’s Best Men: The Civil War Letters of General William Dorsey Pender
, ed. W. W. Hassler (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), 4–5; Frank A. O’Reilly,
“Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg
:
The Battle of Prospect Hill, December 13, 1862
(Lynchburg, VA: H. E. Howard, 1993), 28.

19.
Longstreet,
Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1908), 332; Piston,
Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant
, 40.

20.
Bartholomees,
Buff Facings and Gilt Buttons
, 206–7; Henry G. Wayne to Joseph E. Brown (August 12, 1863), in
Americana Catalog 157
(December 2005), Abraham Lincoln Bookshop, Chicago, IL; Alexander McNeil (August 16, 1863), in Don Ernsberger,
Also for Glory Muster: The Story of the Pettigrew-Trimble Charge
(LaVergne, TX: Xlibris Corp., 2008), 184; Robert J. Wynstra,
“The Rashness of That Hour”: Politics, Gettysburg, and the Downfall of Confederate Brigadier-General Alfred Iverson
(El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2010), 327; R. H. G. Kean, diary entries for May 3 and 20, 1863, in
Inside the Confederate Government: The Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean
, ed. Edward Younger (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957), 55, 64.

21.
Torrence to Sarah Ann Torrence (March 28, 1863), in “Diary and Letters and Leonidas Torrence,” 504; Vance to James A. Seddon (January 5, 1863) and L. S. Fash to Vance (June 1, 1863), in
Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance
, ed. Joe A. Mobley (Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1995), 2:5, 180; Ruffin Barnes to Mary Bryant Barnes (June 8, 1863), in Hugh Buckner Johnston, ed., “The Confederate Letters of Ruffin Barnes
of Wilson County,”
North Carolina Historical Magazine
31 (January 1954), 81; Vance to Jefferson Davis (March 9, 1864), in
O.R
., series one, 51 (pt. 2):831–32.

22.
Horace Greeley,
The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–’65
(Hartford: O. D. Case, 1866), 2:484; John W. Chase to Samuel S. Chase (January 11, 1863), in
Yours for the union:
The Civil War Letters of John W. Chase, First Massachusetts Light Artillery
, ed. J. S. and B. B. Collier (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 189; Henry Wilson Hubbell [40th New York] to mother (January 15, 1863), in Henry W. Hubbell Papers, New-York Historical Society.

23.
Browning, diary entry for January 12 and 19, 1863, in
The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning
, ed. T. C. Pease and J. G. Randall (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925), 1:613, 616; Strong, diary entry for November 5, 1862, in
Diary of the Civil War
, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 271–72; John Torrey Morse,
Abraham Lincoln
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 2:121–25; “Illinois Legislature Prorogued,”
Washington National Intelligencer
(June 12, 1863); “Speech of Richard Yates,”
Illinois State Journal
(July 13, 1863); Arnold Shankman, “Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History & Biography
101 (April 1977), 191, 192, 195, 196; “The Enrollment in Pennsylvania,”
Washington National Intelligencer
(June 11, 1863); Franklin Boyts to brother John (May 21, 1863), in Franklin Boyts Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.