Authors: Jonathan M. Hansen
Guantánamo (64 page)
80
Tom Tiede, “Gitmo's Hired Hands Tied by Segregation,”
Guam Daily News
, Dec. 14, 1968.
Guam Daily News
, Dec. 14, 1968.
81
“Racial Clash Injures 33 on Carrier,”
Washington Post
, Oct. 14, 1972, A3.
Washington Post
, Oct. 14, 1972, A3.
82
“Race Fight Injures 50 on U.S. Ships,”
Washington Post
, Oct. 18, 1972, A48.
Washington Post
, Oct. 18, 1972, A48.
83
“Sailors Charged,”
Washington Post
, Oct. 23, 1972, A9.
Washington Post
, Oct. 23, 1972, A9.
84
George C. Wilson, “Navy Mobilizing for Racial Reform,”
Washington Post
, Nov. 5, 1972, A1.
Washington Post
, Nov. 5, 1972, A1.
85
Jack Anderson, “Guantánamo Base Is Powder Keg,”
Washington Post
, Jan. 2, 1973, B11.
Washington Post
, Jan. 2, 1973, B11.
86
Ibid.
87
Robert A. Calavan, “A Neighbor Defends,”
Washington Post
, Jan. 8, 1973, A21.
Washington Post
, Jan. 8, 1973, A21.
88
1972 Command History, 18; Miller, “The Sun Sometimes Sets,” 188.
89
Miller, “The Sun Sometimes Sets,” 188.
90
Ibid.
8 THE HAITIAN PROBLEM
1
Log of President Truman's Trip to Puerto Rico, The Virgin Islands, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and Key West, Florida, Feb. 20, 1948, to March 5, 1948, Truman Library, Independence, Mo.; “President Flies to Key West after Rough Voyage to Cuba,”
New York Times
, Feb. 25, 1948, 1.
New York Times
, Feb. 25, 1948, 1.
2
Enclosure (6), Command History, U.S. Naval Station, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba,
1977, U.S. Navy Library, Operation Archives, Navy History and Heritage Command, Washington Navy Yard; “Boat Leak Sends Haitian Refugees to Base at Guantánamo,”
Washington Post
, Aug. 20, 1977, E5.
1977, U.S. Navy Library, Operation Archives, Navy History and Heritage Command, Washington Navy Yard; “Boat Leak Sends Haitian Refugees to Base at Guantánamo,”
Washington Post
, Aug. 20, 1977, E5.
3
Command History, U.S. Naval Base, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, 1968, U.S. Navy Library, Operation Archives, Navy History and Heritage Command, Washington Navy Yard; “81 of 150 Shoot Way Past Cuban Lines, Reach Guantánamo and Fly to Florida,”
New York Times
, Jan. 9, 1969, 1; and Bryan O. Walsh, “Cuban Refugee Children,”
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
13, no. 3/4 (JulyâOctober 1971): 413.
New York Times
, Jan. 9, 1969, 1; and Bryan O. Walsh, “Cuban Refugee Children,”
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
13, no. 3/4 (JulyâOctober 1971): 413.
4
See
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
, No. 79-2086-Civ-JLK (S.D.Fla. July 2, 1980), discussed hereafter; and Gilburt Loescher and John Scanlan, “Human Rights, U.S. Foreign Policy, and Haitian Refugees,”
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
26, no. 3 (August 1984): 337; Christopher Mitchell, “U.S. Policy Toward Haitian Boat People, 1972â93,” in
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, 534, Strategies for Immigration Control: An International Comparison (July 1994): 70â71.; Alex Stepick, “Unintended Consequences: Rejecting Haitian Boat People and Destabilizing Duvalier,” in Christopher Mitchell, ed.,
Western Hemisphere Immigration and U.S. Foreign Policy
(State College, Pa.: Penn State University Press, 1992), 133.
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
, No. 79-2086-Civ-JLK (S.D.Fla. July 2, 1980), discussed hereafter; and Gilburt Loescher and John Scanlan, “Human Rights, U.S. Foreign Policy, and Haitian Refugees,”
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
26, no. 3 (August 1984): 337; Christopher Mitchell, “U.S. Policy Toward Haitian Boat People, 1972â93,” in
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, 534, Strategies for Immigration Control: An International Comparison (July 1994): 70â71.; Alex Stepick, “Unintended Consequences: Rejecting Haitian Boat People and Destabilizing Duvalier,” in Christopher Mitchell, ed.,
Western Hemisphere Immigration and U.S. Foreign Policy
(State College, Pa.: Penn State University Press, 1992), 133.
5
“Haitian Refugees at Guantánamo Base Pose Problems for US,”
Washington Post
, Sept. 2, 1977, A17.
Washington Post
, Sept. 2, 1977, A17.
6
Enclosure (6), Command History 1977, 5.
7
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
, No. 79-2086-Civ-JLK (S.D.Fla., July 2, 1980), 53â54.
, No. 79-2086-Civ-JLK (S.D.Fla., July 2, 1980), 53â54.
8
Ibid., 43.
9
“97 Who Left Haiti Flown Back,”
Washington Post
, Sept. 7, 1977, A20.
Washington Post
, Sept. 7, 1977, A20.
10
“Haitian Refugees at Guantánamo Base,”
Washington Post
, A17.
Washington Post
, A17.
11
See Case Summary,
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
.
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
.
12
Ibid., 73.
13
On the latter, see ibid., 76â80.
14
Ibid., 77â78.
15
Ibid., 76â77.
16
Ibid., 81.
17
Ibid., 8.
18
Ibid., 9.
19
Paul Farmer,
The Uses of Haiti
(Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, 2003), especially the chapter entitled “From Duvalierism to Duvalierism Without Duvalier,” 90â120.
The Uses of Haiti
(Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, 2003), especially the chapter entitled “From Duvalierism to Duvalierism Without Duvalier,” 90â120.
20
See
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
, 33â72.
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
, 33â72.
21
Ibid., 28â31, 33. For more on so-called political question doctrine, see Nada Mourtada-Sabbah and Bruce E. Cain, eds.,
The Political Question Doctrine and the Supreme Court of the United States
(New York: Rowan and Littlefield, 2007).
The Political Question Doctrine and the Supreme Court of the United States
(New York: Rowan and Littlefield, 2007).
22
Farmer,
The Uses of Haiti
, 93.
The Uses of Haiti
, 93.
23
Quoted in ibid., 99.
24
Quoted in ibid., 94.
25
Ibid., 92.
26
Ibid.
27
Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti
, 45â46.
, 45â46.
28
Ibid., 73.
29
Ibid., 79.
30
William G. O'Neill, “The Roots of Human Rights Violations in Haiti,”
Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 7
(March 1993): 95â96, 117. Cf. Irwin P. Stotzky, “Haitian Refugees and the Rule of Law,”
Guild Practitioner
61, no. 3 (Sept. 2004): 167; Cheryl Little, “United States Haitian Policy: A History of Discrimination,”
New York Law School Journal of Human Rights
10, no. 2 (Spring 1993): 297; and Ruth Ellen Wasem, Specialist in Social Legislation, to the House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on International Law, Immigration, and Refugees, Nov. 15, 1991, cited in Little, “United States Haitian Policy.”
Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 7
(March 1993): 95â96, 117. Cf. Irwin P. Stotzky, “Haitian Refugees and the Rule of Law,”
Guild Practitioner
61, no. 3 (Sept. 2004): 167; Cheryl Little, “United States Haitian Policy: A History of Discrimination,”
New York Law School Journal of Human Rights
10, no. 2 (Spring 1993): 297; and Ruth Ellen Wasem, Specialist in Social Legislation, to the House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on International Law, Immigration, and Refugees, Nov. 15, 1991, cited in Little, “United States Haitian Policy.”
31
Stotzky, “Haitian Refugees and the Rule of Law,” 166â67; O'Neill, “The Roots of Human Rights Violations in Haiti,” 95â96.
32
Little, “United States Haitian Policy,” 296â99;
Haitian Centers Council v. Sale
, June 8, 1993, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, 823 F. Supp. 1028; 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8215, 7.
Haitian Centers Council v. Sale
, June 8, 1993, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, 823 F. Supp. 1028; 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8215, 7.
33
Farmer,
The Uses of Haiti
, 100â107.
The Uses of Haiti
, 100â107.
34
Ibid., 106â107.
35
Ibid., 109â10.
36
Michael Massing, “Haiti: The New Violence,”
New York Review of Books
34, no. 19 (Dec. 3, 1987): 45.
New York Review of Books
34, no. 19 (Dec. 3, 1987): 45.
37
Quoted in Farmer,
The Uses of Haiti
, 121.
The Uses of Haiti
, 121.
38
Ibid., 135â36.
39
Ibid., 144â48.
40
Ibid., 159â61. The evidence of U.S. deception and malfeasance here is overwhelming. See, among others, Tom Barry, “Interview with Haiti Expert Robert Maguire: Aristide's Fall: The Undemocratic U.S. Policy in Haiti,”
Americas Program
(Silver City, N.M.: Interhemispheric Resource Center, Feb. 27, 2004); Irwin P. Stotsky,
Silencing the Guns in Haiti: The Promise of Deliberative Democracy
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), chap. 1; Irwin P. Stotsky, “On the Promise and Peril of Democracy in Haiti,”
University of Miami, Inter-American Law Review
29, no. 1/2 (1997); Alex Dupuy,
The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti
(New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), chap. 4; Robert Fatton Jr.,
Haiti's Predatory Republic: The Unending Transition to Democracy
(Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishing, 2002), chap. 4; Anne-christine D'Adesky, “Père Lebrun in Context,” in Deidre McFadyen, ed.,
Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads
(Boston: South End Press, 1995), 175â80; John Canham-Clyne, “Human Rights à la USAID,”
The Progressive
58,
no. 9 (Sept. 1994): 25â26; James Ridgeway, ed.,
The Haiti Files: Decoding the Crisis
(Washington, D.C.: Essential Books, 1994), esp. part 3; Allan Nairn, “Haiti Under the Gun: How U.S. Intelligence Has Been Exercising Crowd Control,”
The Nation
, January 8, 1996, 11â15; Graham Hancock,
The Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business
(Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994); Peter Hallward,
Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of Containment
(New York: Verso: 2008), introduction and chap. 1; and Andrew Reding, “Haiti: An Agenda for Democracy,” World Policy Institute, Feb. 1996.
Americas Program
(Silver City, N.M.: Interhemispheric Resource Center, Feb. 27, 2004); Irwin P. Stotsky,
Silencing the Guns in Haiti: The Promise of Deliberative Democracy
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), chap. 1; Irwin P. Stotsky, “On the Promise and Peril of Democracy in Haiti,”
University of Miami, Inter-American Law Review
29, no. 1/2 (1997); Alex Dupuy,
The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti
(New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), chap. 4; Robert Fatton Jr.,
Haiti's Predatory Republic: The Unending Transition to Democracy
(Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishing, 2002), chap. 4; Anne-christine D'Adesky, “Père Lebrun in Context,” in Deidre McFadyen, ed.,
Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads
(Boston: South End Press, 1995), 175â80; John Canham-Clyne, “Human Rights à la USAID,”
The Progressive
58,
no. 9 (Sept. 1994): 25â26; James Ridgeway, ed.,
The Haiti Files: Decoding the Crisis
(Washington, D.C.: Essential Books, 1994), esp. part 3; Allan Nairn, “Haiti Under the Gun: How U.S. Intelligence Has Been Exercising Crowd Control,”
The Nation
, January 8, 1996, 11â15; Graham Hancock,
The Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business
(Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994); Peter Hallward,
Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of Containment
(New York: Verso: 2008), introduction and chap. 1; and Andrew Reding, “Haiti: An Agenda for Democracy,” World Policy Institute, Feb. 1996.
41
Brandt Goldstein,
Storming the Court: How a Band of Law Students Fought the Presidentâand Won
(New York: Scribner, 2005), 98.
Storming the Court: How a Band of Law Students Fought the Presidentâand Won
(New York: Scribner, 2005), 98.
42
Farmer,
Uses of Haiti
, 223â24.
Uses of Haiti
, 223â24.
43
Ibid., 159, 221.
44
William R. McClintock,
Operation GTMO, 1 October 1991â1 July 1993
(USA-COM, 1998), 9, 184.
Operation GTMO, 1 October 1991â1 July 1993
(USA-COM, 1998), 9, 184.
45
Quoted in Farmer,
Uses of Haiti
, 223â24.
Uses of Haiti
, 223â24.
46
Ibid., 9, 185.
47
See
Haitian Refugee Center Inc. v. Baker
, Dec. 19, 1991, 950 F.2nd 685; Little, “United States Haitian Policy,” 298â99; O'Neill, “The Roots of Human Rights Violations in Haiti,” 114â15; McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 13â14, 185â87.
Haitian Refugee Center Inc. v. Baker
, Dec. 19, 1991, 950 F.2nd 685; Little, “United States Haitian Policy,” 298â99; O'Neill, “The Roots of Human Rights Violations in Haiti,” 114â15; McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 13â14, 185â87.
48
McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 24â25. Thanks to Gerald L. Neuman, several copies of the paper are in the author's possession.
Operation GTMO
, 24â25. Thanks to Gerald L. Neuman, several copies of the paper are in the author's possession.
49
Witness quoted in Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 73â74.
Storming the Court
, 73â74.
50
Nicholas E. Reynolds,
A Skillful Show of Strength: United States Marines in the Caribbean, 1991â1996
(Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1993), 14.
A Skillful Show of Strength: United States Marines in the Caribbean, 1991â1996
(Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1993), 14.
51
Ibid., 15.
52
Little, “United States Haitian Policy,” 300â301.
53
Quoted in O'Neill, “The Roots of Human Rights Violations in Haiti,” 105.
54
McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 94. Zette's fate is described in Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 99â101, 106â107.
Operation GTMO
, 94. Zette's fate is described in Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 99â101, 106â107.
55
Human Rights Watch, “Half the Story: The Skewed U.S. Monitoring of Repatriated Haitian Refugees,”
Americas
4, no. 4 (June 30, 1992): 3â4.
Americas
4, no. 4 (June 30, 1992): 3â4.
56
Reynolds, “A Skillful Show of Strength,” 17; Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 118, 126.
Storming the Court
, 118, 126.
57
Cf. Farmer,
Uses of Haiti
, 226.
Uses of Haiti
, 226.
58
Haitian Centers Council (HCC) v. Sale
, June 8, 1993, 823 F. Supp. 1028; 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8215, 8.
, June 8, 1993, 823 F. Supp. 1028; 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8215, 8.
59
Ibid., 8â9; Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 98â99.
Storming the Court
, 98â99.
60
Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 287; Jean quoted in Farmer,
Uses of Haiti
, 218.
Storming the Court
, 287; Jean quoted in Farmer,
Uses of Haiti
, 218.
61
Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 77.
Storming the Court
, 77.
62
Johnson and Valentine quoted in ibid., 77â78.
63
Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 107.
Storming the Court
, 107.
64
Ibid., 111.
65
Ibid., 114â45.
66
Quoted in ibid., 119.
67
McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 195.
Operation GTMO
, 195.
68
Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 127â29.
Storming the Court
, 127â29.
69
Ibid.
70
Ibid., 138.
71
Haitian Centers Council v. McNary
, June 5, 1992, U.S. Dist. Lexis 8452, 3â4; Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 139, 148.
, June 5, 1992, U.S. Dist. Lexis 8452, 3â4; Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 139, 148.
72
McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 51, 202â203.
Operation GTMO
, 51, 202â203.
73
Human Rights Watch, “Half the Story,” 4.
74
McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 32, 203; Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 140â41.
Operation GTMO
, 32, 203; Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 140â41.
75
Farmer,
Uses of Haiti
, 229.
Uses of Haiti
, 229.
76
McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 32.
Operation GTMO
, 32.
77
Ingrid Arnesen, “HIV Prisoners,”
The Nation
, January 4/11, 1993, 4â5.
The Nation
, January 4/11, 1993, 4â5.
78
Goldstein,
Storming the Court
, 273â75.
Storming the Court
, 273â75.
79
McClintock,
Operation GTMO
, 32.
Operation GTMO
, 32.
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