Hamlet (34 page)

He is probably at his wildest with his dead father, Ophelia, and his mother, i.e. when he is most profoundly emotionally threatened, but he is not mad. As the victim of the mad time and the one born to set it right, he bears the imprint of the madness of the time. The antic disposition is a time-honored camouflage employed by Hieronimo (in
The Spanish Tragedy
) and Arbella Stuart (in her cousin Elizabeth I’s court) to make themselves seem harmless to a watchful and oppressive state.

How did you deal with the brutality of Hamlet’s behavior toward Ophelia in the “nunnery” and “country matters” exchanges?

Daniels:
In the most brutal way possible. The scene became quite physically as well as verbally explosive. Much as Hamlet believes Gertrude has betrayed the memory of his father by posting “with such dexterity to incestuous sheets,” he also believes Ophelia has betrayed him by obeying her father’s orders that she “lock herself from his resort, admit no messengers, receive no token …”—and I’ve always been fascinated by Hamlet’s strange encounter with her when he breaks into her chamber and falls “to such perusal of my face as he would draw it.” What did Hamlet mean to convey by such a mysterious encounter—and what did Ophelia understand by it that caused her to be so terrified? Did he look into her soul and did he see her guilt at her act of betrayal?

“Frailty, thy name is woman.” All women. Does this then not refer as much to Ophelia as to Gertrude? And what horror does this reveal,
of Woman merely as the painted seductress, ambling and lisping and awakening dangerous and uncontrollable desires in all men that can only lead to murder and incest? Tormented and pathological reasoning, certainly, which can only lead to violent and irrational behavior.

Caird:
I don’t think he is being brutal, or certainly not intentionally. The character of Ophelia has to be seen in thematic terms. She’s not a fully drawn character. She represents the possibility of a future life. She is the only nobly born woman in the play of childbearing age and therefore the only available person for Hamlet to marry and have children with. Hamlet’s father was called Hamlet, and for all one knows his father was called Hamlet too. The state of Denmark is one in which kings called Hamlet get married and have boys called Hamlet, and so life continues. Claudius aborts this natural order.

The crucial line in the nunnery scene is “I say we will have no more marriages.” It’s a tragic utterance. It says “I cannot go on pretending with this woman that we’re in love and that we’re going to get married and have children and everything’s going to be happy. It cannot be. The world is diseased, mad and dead. No more children must be born into it.” “Get thee to a nunnery” means precisely that. It’s nothing to do with a whorehouse, as some scholars have suggested. Whorehouses in Shakespeare are bawdy, complicated places, full of life. Look at
Measure for Measure
and the
Henry IV
plays. The Denmark of
Hamlet
is no place for a whorehouse. The nunnery here is the same place as the cold unproductive cloister with which Theseus threatens Hermia in the opening scene of
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
.

It is germane that when Ophelia dies, Gertrude brings the news of her death. Gertrude is the other woman in the play; a woman who won’t have any more children, and who has forgotten her duty to the child she already has. Ophelia is the woman who should one day have taken over the role of wife and mother from Gertrude as Hamlet should have become his father’s successor. Gertrude says this very clearly at Ophelia’s obsequies. She had believed that her son would marry Ophelia and life would thereby continue into the future, but by marrying Claudius and forgetting her love for her husband and son she has made a horrible miscalculation, albeit for very human reasons.

If Gertrude was present while Ophelia was drowning, why didn’t
she help her? If she is reporting what she was told by someone else, who then told her? And why doesn’t Shakespeare use that character to report the news to us? Why didn’t he use a shepherd or the Gentleman from Ophelia’s madness scene? The reason is thematic. If Hamlet is not to marry Ophelia and have children with her, then everything Gertrude has lived for dies with Ophelia. Nothing that she’s ever done has any future value. The death of Ophelia contains her own death and ultimately the death of her son. By making her the bearer of these tidings, Shakespeare gives the actress playing Gertrude a pivotal moment in the development of her role.

Boyd:
Hamlet suspects that Ophelia is being abused and reduced to a political chess piece by her father (and therefore his master the king), but Ophelia is also clearly lying, and Hamlet cannot tell the degree to which she is compliant in an attempt to entrap him. Remember also that Hamlet is under observation in both the nunnery scene and the Players scene, and taking pains to appear mad.

How did you distinguish between the style of the play-within-the-play and that of the main drama?

Daniels:
Clearly a style has to be found for the play-within-a-play which places it outside the boundaries of realistic action. Our solution was to perform it as a shadow play.

Caird:
Hamlet’s advice to the players is so specific and apt and modern—it’s what any director of any age would want to say to his actors. To have the players in the play-within-the-play acting in a different style from the main protagonists you would have to have one or other of the casts ignoring Hamlet’s, and therefore also Shakespeare’s, instructions!

I used a staging trick. The play-within-the-play was performed at the very edge of the stage with Claudius, Gertrude, and Polonius watching from upstage. The two audiences—for
The Mousetrap
at Elsinore and for
Hamlet
at the National Theatre—became reflections of one another. By the device of building false prosceniums on either side of the stage, I created “wings.” Hamlet stood in the wings reacting as a director or author would in the wings of an actual theater. The National Theatre audience could thereby watch Hamlet watching the play while he simultaneously observed the reactions of Claudius and Gertrude as they watched from their own auditorium. This solved the problem of Hamlet having to whisper things quietly enough for Claudius and Gertrude not to hear them, but loudly enough for Ophelia and the National Theatre audience to hear.

10.
Toby Stephens and Meg Fraser as Hamlet and Ophelia in Michael Boyd’s production.

Boyd:
Our players were brilliant, prone to coarseness, and seemingly harmless cousins of the mechanicals, but they were led by Greg Hicks, who carried with him the awful authority of the Ghost. Like the inhabitants of Purgatory, they had been driven out of town. Like Shakespeare’s own companies at times, they were being used as a political weapon.

Some Hamlets don’t kill Claudius while he is trying to pray after the play-scene because they really want to send him to hell rather than heaven, whereas other Hamlets seem to be looking for an excuse not to execute the action. How did you approach this key moment?

Caird:
I think you have to take Hamlet at face value. In soliloquy Hamlet cannot lie to his audience. If the actor playing Hamlet is to have any moral authority he can’t sometimes be telling the truth to the audience and sometimes not. Especially when in other soliloquies he debates the very nature of truth and reality.

I think the sight of Claudius praying sets up a moral perturbation in Hamlet that Shakespeare was fascinated by. Why else would he have created a scene in which Claudius prays? Much easier to have made Claudius an Iago, or a Richard III, a man incapable of remorse. In order to create added layers of moral complexity to the play, Shakespeare puts Claudius at the center of the drama for the first time. This creates sympathy for him. What would the audience think of their hero if he killed a man while he was praying? The debate in Hamlet’s mind is echoed by a debate in the audience’s mind.

Daniels:
In performance terms, is it really possible to distinguish between these two approaches? And may not both approaches coexist at one and the same moment?

It seems to me that one of Hamlet’s most astonishing qualities is his rigorous and unwavering honesty. Hamlet never lies to himself or to us—the soliloquies are moments of utter truth-telling. There is absolutely no equivocation as he lays before us his most secret doubts and fears.

So—and though Hamlet is clearly not alone on stage, his speech is another soliloquy, another moment of truth-telling!—does it not follow that we should believe him when he tells us his reason for not cutting Claudius’ throat?

What’s more, Hamlet is on his way to Gertrude’s chamber. His mother stays! Claudius, now guilty beyond doubt, will keep for a more propitious moment.

In both practical and psychological terms, the closet scene presents problems, since Hamlet can see and hear the Ghost, but Gertrude can’t. How did you deal with this?

Caird:
The closet scene gives you the opportunity to see Hamlet and his parents together as a family. Just before the Ghost’s final exit I had him and Gertrude move so close to Hamlet that just for a moment he
could touch both their faces at the same time. This moment returned him to his childhood. From then on, things become much clearer for him in the play. He has killed Polonius and is therefore no better than Claudius, the man he sought to kill. He starts to understand what his mother has done and the limits of her culpability. He forgives her.

Earlier in the play, other people have seen the Ghost, so you know he isn’t a figment of Hamlet’s imagination. But he isn’t real to Gertrude, or doesn’t appear to her. This is psychologically apt. She can’t “see” her husband any longer. If she could still see him she wouldn’t have married his brother. It is Hamlet’s perception of his father that brings her to her senses. He reminds her of her former happiness and her love for her husband and son. This is the beginning of Gertrude’s madness. She never recovers from this scene.

Daniels:
In one sense this presents no problem at all: Hamlet sees the Ghost and Gertrude does not. Those are the givens of the scene. It is a convention that the audience, possibly more trusting than actors and directors, completely and unquestioningly accepts.

Clearly, whatever difficulty we have with the scene, it did not suit Shakespeare’s design that Gertrude should see the Ghost—it would probably have taken the scene into a completely different direction were she to have done so.

Perhaps for our benefit, if we cannot accept Shakespeare at face value, we need to ask why is it that Gertrude does not see the now not so monstrous and rather piteous apparition—in night attire? Are only those characters who are guilt-free capable of seeing the Ghost? Is that explanation enough? Sufficient to lay that question to rest?

Did you discuss whether or not Gertrude is having an affair with Claudius before the murder of Old Hamlet? Or is that not a useful question for director and actors?

Caird:
I don’t think it’s a useful question on its own. Better to link it with another. Does Gertrude know that Claudius has murdered her husband? There’s no textual evidence to suggest that she does. At no point does Hamlet accuse her of being complicit. And at no point does she assert her innocence. It’s not explored. The question could be rephrased. If Gertrude was having an affair with Claudius before
he murdered his brother, is it more likely she was complicit in the murder? One would certainly think the more advanced the affair between Gertrude and Claudius, the more morally blind Gertrude must have been to what Claudius was up to. But Gertrude is to some extent the portrait of a morally blind person, so the question of complicity is an interesting one for the actress to consider. The actor playing Claudius also has a stake in the question. Has an affair with Gertrude propelled him to the murder of his brother?

It is difficult to imagine that Shakespeare intended Gertrude to be complicit in the murder. It would make everything she subsequently says to Hamlet impossibly hypocritical. It would also make Claudius and Gertrude into the Macbeths. Claudius is certainly a sketch for Macbeth, but the crucial difference between Gertrude and Lady Macbeth is complicity. Gertrude is far more interesting a character if her flaw is moral blindness rather than downright amorality.

Daniels:
As useful as asking how many children does Lady Macbeth have? These are questions that fill in the psychological history of the characters and that create performance texture. Questions the actor will answer only for him- or herself in whatever way he or she finds most stimulating to the imagination. The answers will inevitably remain a secret since there is no textual evidence for them. They are the actors’ private fantasies that the audience can never partake in, but these secrets will inform in subtle but important ways every moment of the characters’ lives on stage.