Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design (53 page)

Children overwhelmingly say
: O’Brien, Catherine, “Sustainable Happiness: How Happiness Studies Can Contribute to a More Sustainable Future,”
Canadian Psychology
, 2008: 289–95.

cyclists report
: Harms, L., P. Jorritsma, and N. Kalfs,
Beleving en beeldvorming van mobiliteit
(The Hague: Kennisinstituut voor Mobiliteitsbeleid, 2007).

To put our history
: My comparison of human history to the walk across the length of Central Park is based on these figures:

Appearance of Australopithecus: 4 million years

Agricultural revolution: 10,000 years ago

Sumerian and Egyptian cities of cut stone: 3,000 years

Length of Central Park: about 2.5 miles

Width of Fifty-ninth Street: much more than 11 yards

Width of New York sidewalk at Fifty-ninth: more than 3 yards

Depth of a stair: much more than 4 inches

See Wright, Ronald,
A Short History of Progress
(Toronto: Anansi Press, 2004), 35–69; Stringer, Chris, and Robin McKie,
African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity
(New York: Henry Holt, 1997); Cordain, Gotshall, and Eaton, “Evolutionary Aspects,” 49–60; also drawn from interviews with Ronald Wright.

daily energy expenditure
: Cordain, L., R. W. Gotshall, and S. B. Eaton, “Evolutionary Aspects of Exercise,”
World Review of Nutrition and Dietics
, 1997: 49–60.

immobility is to the human body
: Patricia Montemurri, “Excessive Sitting Linked to Premature Death in Women,”
USA Today
, August 16, 2011,
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/healthcare/health/healthcare/prevention/story/2011/08/Excessive-sitting-linked-to-premature-death-in-women/49996086/1
(accessed April 29, 2013).

when we exercise
: Taylor, Paul, “Boosting Your Brain Power Could Be a Walk in the Park,”
The Globe and Mail
, October 14, 2010,
http://m.theglobeandmail.com/life/health/health-and-fitness/health/conditions/boosting-your-brain-power-could-be-a-walk-in-the-park/article623387/
(accessed January 14, 2011).

“feel more energy”
: Gloady, Rick, “Walk Your Way to More Energy,”
Inside CSULB
, California State University, Long Beach, 2006,
www.csulb.edu/misc/inside/archives/vol_58_no_4/1.htm
(accessed August 12, 2013).

human on a bicycle
: Illich, Ivan,
Energy and Equity
(New York: Harper & Row, 1974).

convert to bike commuting
: Howard, John,
Mastering Cycling
(Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2010), 22.

more greenhouse gas emissions
: Sightline Institute, “How Low-Carbon Can You Go: The Green Travel Ranking,”
www.sightline.org/maps/charts/climate-CO2byMode
(accessed March 3, 2012).

Of every one hundred
: Per the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2010, 76.6 percent of American workers sixteen years and over drove alone to work. About 5 percent of people carpooled. Just under 3 percent walked to work, and less than 1 percent rode a bicycle.

commute by car
: Paumgarten, Nick, “There and Back Again,”
New Yorker
, April 16, 2007,
www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_paumgarten
(accessed August 12, 2013).

That’s seventy-two minutes a day
: Goldberg, David, Lawrence Frank, Barbara McCann, Jim Chapman, and Sarah Kavage, “New Data for a New Era: A Summary of the SMARTRAQ Findings,” Atlanta: SMARTRAQ, 2007.

couldn’t walk to nearby shops
: Frank, L., B. Saelens, K. Powell, and J. Chapman, “Stepping Towards Causation: Do Built Environments or Neighborhood and Travel Preferences Explain Physical Activity, Driving, and Obesity?”
Social Science & Medicine
, 2007: 1898–914.

average person in Seattle
: Vanderbilt, Tom,
Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says About Us)
(Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2008), 138.

People who live in neighborhoods
: Wieckowski, Ania, “Back to the City,”
Harvard Business Review
, May 10, 2010,
http://hbr.org/2010/05/back-to-the-city/ar/1
(accessed January 9, 2011).

Facebook’s workers
: Russell, James S., “Facebook, Gehry Build Idea Factory for RipStik Geeks,”
Bloomberg
, August 24, 2012,
www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-24/facebook-gehry-build-idea-factory-for-ripstik-geeks.html
.

perceive rail service to be
: Schlossberg, Marc, Asha Agrawal, Katja Irvin, and Vanessa Bekkouche,
How Far, by Which Route, and Why? A Spatial Analysis of Pedestrian Preference
(San Jose: Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business, 2007).

LYNX commuter light-rail
: McDonald, John M., Robert J. Stokes, Deborah A. Cohen, Aaron Kofner, and Greg K. Ridgeway, “The Effect of Light Rail Transit on Body Mass Index and Physical Activity,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
, 2010: 105–12.

summer break
: Playful City USA:
KaBoom!
National Campaign for Play, “Play Matters: A Study of Best Practices to Inform Local Policy and Process in Support of Children’s Play,”
Kaboom.org
, October 12, 2009,
http://kaboom.org/docs/documents/pdf/playmatters/Play_Matters_Case_Summaries.pdf
(accessed October 4, 2012).

The amalgamation
: University of Michigan, “Why Don’t Kids Walk to School Anymore?”
Science Daily
, March 28, 2008,
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080326161643.htm
(accessed January 9, 2011); Condon,
Seven Rules
, 4; Ernst, Michelle, and Lilly Shoup, “Dangerous by Design: Solving the Epidemic of Preventable Pedestrian Deaths (and Making Great Neighborhoods),” Transportation for America/Surface Transportation Policy Partnership, 2009.

to go shopping
: Burnfield, J. M., and C. M. Powers, “Normal and Pathologic Gait,” in
Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Secrets
, eds. Jeffery D. Placzek and David A. Boyce (Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 2006).

A survey of shoppers
: Lorch, Brian, “Auto-dependent Induced Shopping: Exploring the Relationship Between Power Centre Morphology and Consumer Spatial Behaviour,”
Canadian Journal of Urban Research
, 2005: 364–84.

the suburbs were
: Frank, L., et al., “Stepping Towards Causation,” 1898–914.

separate paths for bicycles
: Conversation with Greg Raisman, City of Portland planning department, 2009.

mortality rate
: Hamilton-Baillie, B., “Urban Design: Why Don’t We Do It in the Road?”
Journal of Urban Technology
, 2004: 43–62.

The problem
: Walker, Ian, “Drivers Overtaking Bicyclists: Objective Data on the Effects of Riding Position, Helmet Use, Vehicle Type and Apparent Gender,”
Accident Analysis and Prevention
, 2007: 417–25.

number of young people
: DeGroat, Bernie, “Fewer Young, but More Elderly, Have Driver’s License,”
The University Record Online
, University of Michigan, December 5, 2011,
http://ur.umich.edu/1112/Dec05_11/2933-fewer-young-but
(accessed March 3, 2012).

American transit users
: Ory and Mokhtarian, “When Is Getting There Half the Fun?” 97–123.

British trains
: Clark, Andrew, “Want to Feel Less Stress? Become a Fighter Pilot, Not a Commuter,”
The Guardian
, November 30, 2004,
www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/nov/30/research.transport
(accessed October 06, 2012).

“freaks and weirdos”
: See
http://www.boingboing.net/2003/04/15/gm-apologizes-for-fr.html
for correspondence.

9. Mobilicities II: Freedom

Norman Bel Geddes
: Bel Geddes, Norman,
Magic Motorways
(New York: Random House, 1940).

Buckminster Fuller
: Fuller, R. Buckminster,
Operation Manual for Spaceship Earth
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969).

also its limitations
: Evans, Gary, Richard Wener, and Donald Phillips, “The Morning Rush Hour: Predictability and Commuter Stress,”
Environment and Behavior
, 2002: 521–30.

anxiety of waiting
: Evans, John E., “Transit Scheduling and Frequency,” in
Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes
,” TCRP Report 95 (Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press, 2004.)

arrival countdown clocks
: Schweiger, C. L. “Customer and Media Reactions to Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems,” in
Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems: A Synthesis of Transit Practice,
TCRP Report 48 (Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 2003).

traveling at night
: Dziekan, Katrin, and Karl Kottenhoff, “Dynamic At-Stop Real-Time Information Displays for Public Transport: Effects on Customers,”
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
, 2007: 489–501.

Metropolitan Transit Authority
: Metropolitan Transit Authority, “New Technology Helps Keep Customers Informed,”
http://new-mta.info/news/new-technology-helps-keep-customers-informed
(accessed April 30, 2013).

a service called Transit Board
: TriMet App Center:
http://trimet.org/apps
; “Transit Board,”
Portland Transport
, August 13, 2007,
http://portlandtransport.com/archives/2007/08/transit_board_1.html
(accessed March 3, 2012).

Any honest assessment
: Tranter, Paul J., “Effective Speeds: Car Costs Are Slowing Us Down,” Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2004; U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, “2009 National Household Travel Survey”; American Automobile Association, “Your Driving Costs,” Heathrow, FL: annual issues, April 16, 2013; Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile,”
National Transportation Statistics
,
http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_03_17.html
(accessed April 29, 2013).

people in Vancouver
: “2005 Annual Report Livable Region Strategic Plan,” Regional Development Policy & Planning Department, Greater Vancouver Regional District, Burnaby, 2005.

proposals to repurpose
: Bula, Frances, “Vancouver Tax Hike Drives Home Message That Cars Have No Place Downtown,”
The Globe and Mail
, January 2, 2012.

Car sharing has now found
: Andersen, Michael, “Five Secrets from the Future of Car Sharing,”
Sightline Daily
, December 14, 2011,
http://daily.sightline.org/2011/12/14/five-secrets-from-the-future-of-car-sharing
(accessed April 29, 2013); Geron, Tomio, “Getaround Brings Car-Sharing to Oregon with Federal Grant,”
Forbes
, December 13, 2011,
www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2011/12/13/getaround-brings-car-sharing-startup-to-oregon-with-federal-grant
(accessed March 3, 2012); “Getaround,”
Portland Afoot
,
www.portlandafoot.org/w/Getaround#Testimony_from_Getaround_Users_in_Mountain_View.2C_Calif
(accessed March 3, 2012).