Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design (54 page)

advantage of the bicycle
: P. Jensen, J. B. Rouquier, N. Ovtracht, and C. Robardet, “Characterizing the Speed and Paths of Shared Bicycles in Lyon,”
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
, 2010: 522–24.

safety in numbers
: Price, Gordon,
Price Tags
, 101, March 11, 2008; Pucher J., R. Buehler, and M. Seinen, “Bicycling Renaissance in North America? An Update and Re-Appraisal of Cycling Trends & Policies,”
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
, 2011; 45(6): 451–75; Nussbaum, Paul, “More Bicyclists Means Fewer Accidents, Phila. Finds,”
Philly.com
,
Philadelphia Inquirer
and
Philadelphia Daily News
, September 17, 2012,
http://articles.philly.com/2012-09-17/business/33881208_1_bike-sales-bike-lanes-bicycle-coalition
.

Even in New York City
: Walsh, Bryan, “New York City’s Bicycle Wars,”
Time
, July 3, 2012,
www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2118668,00.html
(accessed February 2, 2013).

worse peripheral vision
: Conversation with Greg Raisman.

high tolerance for risk
: Hennig, J., U. Laschefski, and C. Opper, “Biopsychological Changes After Bungee Jumping: β-Endorphin Immunoreactivity as a Mediator of Euphoria?”
Neuropsychobiology
, 1994: 28–32.

Tom Vanderbilt
: Vanderbilt, Tom,
Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says About Us)
(Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2008), 199.

Commuting by bike
: Pucher J., et al., “Bicycling Renaissance in North America?,” 459.

pilgrimage to Copenhagen
: City of Copenhagen Technical and Environmental Administration Traffic Department, “Copenhagen, City of Cyclists: Bicycle Account 2008,” Copenhagen, 2008.

“the Copenhagen SUV”
: Ibid.

By the 1960s
: “Cycling in the Netherlands,” The Hague: Ministry of Transport, Public Works, and Water Management, Directorate-General for Passenger Transport, and Expertise Centre for Cycling Policy, 2009, 13.

cars are space hogs
: “Comparing Per Person Travel Space Needs,” infographic courtesy of
Spacing
magazine, data: Victoria Transportation Policy Institute.

reduced traffic in the core
: Transport for London, “Central London Congestion Charging: Impacts Monitoring,” Fourth Annual Report,” London, 2006.

Chinese powerhouse of Guangzhou
: Bradsher, Keith, “A Chinese City Moves to Limit New Cars,”
New York Times
, Global Business, September 4, 2012,
www.nytimes.com/2012/09/05/business/global/a-chinese-city-moves-to-limit-new-cars.html
(accessed April 29, 2013).

one in ten pedestrians they counted
: New York City Department of Transportation, “World Class Streets: Re-making New York City’s Public Realm,” consultant report, New York, 2008.

Rude behavior
: James, Leon, “Pedestrian Psychology and Safety: Sidewalk Rage/Pedestrian Rage,”
DrDriving.org
,
www.drdriving.org/pedestrians
(accessed March 3, 2012); “Study: NYC Sidewalks Getting More Crowded,” CBS New York, August 6, 2011,
http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/08/06/study-nyc-sidewalks-getting-more-crowded
(accessed March 3, 2012).

Injuries to drivers
: Figures from NYC DOT study, available at the NYCDOT website’s about DOT, Broadway section:
www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/broadway.shtml
(accessed January 22, 2011).

10. Who Is the City For?

Henri Lefebvre
: Henri Lefebvre, “The Right to the City,” in Kofman, Eleonore, and Elizabeth Lebas, trans. and ed.,
Writings on Cities: Henri Lefebvre
(Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1996).

But the TransMilenio
: Interview with Angelica Castro Rodríguez, general manager of the public-private alliance that runs the TransMilenio service.

1,387 traffic deaths
: Martin, Gerard, and Miguel Arévalo Ceballos,
Bogotá: Anatomía de una transformación: políticas de seguridad ciudadana 1995–2003
(Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2004).

three-quarters of Bogotanos
: Gallup Poll.

low-ranking employees
: University College London Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, “Whitehall II Study,” July 8, 2010,
www.ucl.ac.uk/whitehallII/publications/year/2010
(accessed January 29, 2011).

poor people in cities
: Wilkinson, R.,
Mind the Gap: Hierarchies, Health, and Human Evolution
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000).

Changes in social status
: The UCLA neuroscientist Michael McGuire discovered that changes in social status affect serotonin levels in the brains of vervet monkeys as well as college undergraduates. See Frank, Robert,
Luxury Fever
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 141; McGuire, Michael T., M. J. Raleigh, and G. L. Brammer, “Sociopharmacology,”
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
, 1982: 643–61.

“psychosocial consequences”
: Adler, Nancy, Elissa Epel, Grace Castellazzo, and Jeannette Ickovics, “Relationship of Subjective and Objective Social Status with Psychological and Physiological Functioning: Preliminary Data in Healthy White Women,”
Health Psychology
, 2000: 586–92.

Status comparisons
: Layard, Richard,
Happiness: Lessons from a New Science
(London: Penguin/Allen Lane, 2005), 43–48.

higher rates of mental illness
: Wilkinson, Richard, and Kate Pickett,
The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Society Stronger
(London: Bloomsbury, 2009).

This may be part of the reason
: Harris, Gregory, “Liberal or Tory, Minority Gov’t Would Hit ‘Sweet Spot,’ Profs Say,” University of Calgary press release, January 18, 2006,
www.ucalgary.ca/mp2003/news/jan06/third-way.html
(accessed January 12, 2011); Helliwell, John F.,
Globalization and Well-Being
(Vancouver: UBC Press, 2002).

Michael Bloomberg
: Cassidy, John,
Rational Irrationality
, “Battle of the Bike Lanes,”
The New Yorker
, March 8, 2011,
www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/johncassidy/2011/03/battle-of-the-bike-lanes-im-with-mrs-schumer.html
(accessed March 3, 2012).

commutes by taxi
: U.S. Census Bureau, “American Community Survey,” 2009.

The opponents’ various claims
: “Bike Lanes,” Memorandum, City of New York, Office of the Mayor, 2011.

the poorest quarter of all Americans
: Pucher, John, and Ralph Buehler, “Analysis of Bicycling Trends and Policies in Large North American Cities: Lessons for New York,” final report, University Transportation Research Center, Rutgers University/Virginia Tech, 2011.

Older African Americans and Latinos
: Ibid.

that go with obesity
: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Fact Sheet, “Do All Children Have Places to Be Active?”
Active Living Research
, May 2012,
www.activelivingresearch.org/files/Synthesis_Disparities_Factsheet_May2012.pdf
(accessed October 12, 2012).

less
access to jobs
: “Where We Need to Go: A Civil Rights Roadmap for Transportation Equity,” Leadership Conference Education Fund, 2011.

less access to food
: Economic Research Service,
Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food
:
Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences
:
Report to Congress
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2009).

worse access to supermarkets
: Leone, A. F., et al., “The Availability and Affordability of Healthy Food Items in Leon County, Florida,”
www.med.upenn.edu/nems/docs/Leone_et_al_Abstract.doc
(accessed March 3, 2012).

even to have sidewalks
: King, A. C., C. Castro, A. A. Eyler et al., “Personal and Environmental Factors Associated with Physical Inactivity Among Different Racial-Ethnic Groups of U.S. Middle-Aged and Older-Aged Women,”
Health Psychology
, 2000: 354–64.

New Economics Foundation
: New Economics Foundation, 2002.

in the U.K. benefit
: Sustainable Development Commission, “Fairness in a Car-Dependent Society,” London, 2011.

Sidewalks in Los Angeles
: Bloomekatz, Ari, “Suits Could Force L.A. to Spend Huge Sums on Sidewalk Repair,”
Los Angeles Times
, January 30, 2012,
http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/30/local/la-me-sidewalks-20120131
(accessed October 11, 2012).

The number crunchers
: Litman, Todd,
Whose Roads? Evaluating Bicyclists’ and Pedestrians’ Right to Use Public Roadways
(Victoria, BC: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2012), 10–13.

In American cities
: Litman, Todd,
Affordable-Accessible Housing in a Dynamic City: Why and How to Increase Affordable Housing Development in Accessible Locations
(Victoria, BC: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2013).

segregated by income class
: Fry, Richard, and Paul Taylor, “The Rise of Residential Segregation by Income,”
Pew Research Center
, August 1, 2012.
www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/08/01/the-rise-of-residential-segregation-by-income
(accessed October 14, 2012).

Seattle’s Rainier Valley
: Greenwich, Howard, and Margaret Wykowski, “Transit Oriented Development That’s Healthy, Green & Just,”
Puget Sound Sage
, May 14, 2012.
www.pugetsoundsage.org//downloads/TOD%20that%20is%20Healthy,%20Green%20and%20Just.pdf
(accessed October 11, 2012).

lightning-fast gentrification
: Moss, Jeremiah, “Disney World on the Hudson,”
New York Times
, August 21, 2012, A25.

colonizing inner cities
: Ehrenhalt, Alan,
The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City
(New York: Knopf, 2012).

Montgomery, Maryland
: Montgomery County Department of Housing and Community Affairs. “History of the Moderately Priced Dwelling Unit (MPDU) Program in Montgomery County,”
MontgomeryCountyMaryland
, April 22, 2005,
www6.montgomerycountymd.gov/dhctmpl.asp?url=/content/dhca/housing/housing_P/mpdu/history.asp
(accessed October 10, 2012).

Vancouver and Melbourne
: Pavletich, Hugh, and Wendell Cox, “8th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2012,”
Demographia
,
www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf
(accessed October 11, 2012).

cycling to work
: Ipsos Public Affairs, “Encuesta de Percepción Bogotá Cómo Vamos 2009,” 2009.

improvement in air quality
: Behrentz, Eduardo, “Concentraciones de material particulado respirable suspendido en el aire en inmediaciones de una vía de transporte público colectivo,” final report, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Universidad de los Andes, Centro de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Ambiental, 2006.

Bogotans got healthier
: “We think this may be because the TransMilenio is the fastest way across the city, so people will walk farther to take the bus,” surmised researcher Olga Luise Sarmiento; study: Gomez, L. F., et al., “Built Environment Attributes and Walking Patterns Among the Elderly Population in Bogotá,”
American Journal of Preventative Medicine
, 2010: 592–99.