Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis (46 page)

54.    16 Oct. 1920, p. 1.

55.    DAP, 25
Aug. 1923, p. 1.

56.    Miiller to the Organisationsleitung der NSDAP in Munich, 21 Apr. 1927, Slg. Sch. 305 2:3-4.

57.    Ludwig Jedlicka, “Die Anfange des Rechtsradikalismus in Osterreich (1919-    ,

1925),” p. 98.

58.    Gerhard Botz, “Aspects of the Social Structure of Austrian National Socialism (1918-1939),” pp. 2-3.

59.    
DAP,
16 Oct. 1920, p. 1.

60.    Ibid., 1 Jan. 1920, p. 1; Miiller to the RL, 27 Apr. 1927, Slg. Sch., 305 2:1-3.

61.    Evan Bukey, “The Nazi Party in Linz, Austria, 1919-1939,” p. 2.

62.    Botz, “Social Structure of Austrian National Socialism,” p. 5.

63.    Kele, “Evolution,” p. 5.

64.    Brandstotter, “Riehl,” pp. 159, 162.

65.    Franz Pisecky,
Tirol-Vorarlberg,
p. 8.

66.    Schilling,
Walter Riehl, pp.
239, 308, 331, 336; Max Kele,
Nazis and Workers,
p. 34.

Chapter III

1
.    NSM,
Apr.-June 1928, p. 25.

2.    
DAP,
7 Jan. 1933, p. 3.

3.    Ibid., 11 Aug. 1923, p. 1.

4.    Report by Walter Riehl on the November 1930 election, Slg. Sch., 305 2:3.

5.    Ibid.

6.    The Ordnertruppen had been founded in 1922. At the Salzburg meeting in 1923 its name was changed to the Vaterlandische Schutzbund (and in 1926 to the Sturmabteilung or SA). See
ihtDAP
for 18 Aug. 1923, p. 1.

7.    Alexander Schilling,
Dr. Walter Riehl und die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus,
pp. 342-45.

8.    Linzer
Vkst,
22 Aug. 1923, pp. 1-2; F. L. Carsten,
Fascist Movements in Austria,
p. 81.

9.    
DAP,
25 Aug. 1923, p. 2. Although Walter Riehl would never again dominate the Austrian Nazi party, he remained a figure of considerable importance down to at least

1933. This status did not, however, prevent his erstwhile subordinates from expelling him from the party in 1924, allegedly because of “antiparty activities,” but more likely because of a letter he wrote to Hitler asking him to restore order in the party. He and two hundred of his Viennese followers then formed their own “Dr. Riehl Bund” in June 1924 (later called the Deutschsozialer Verein). The next year this tiny group concluded Riehl’s long-desired coalition with the GVP. Riehl was also active for a time in the paramilitary “Front Fighters’ Association” (Frontkampfervereinigung) before rejoining the Austrian Nazi party in 1930.
See DAP,
12 July 1924, p.
I ; Die Stunde,
25

Apr. 1924, TA, NS-Innere Konflikte; Rudolf Brandstotter, “Dr. Walter Riehl und die nationalsozialistische Bewegung in Osterreich,” pp. 218, 222.

10.    Riehl to Anton Funk with a copy sent to Hitler, 24 Aug. 1923, NA, T-84, R. 5/3971-74.

11.    Open letter to Rudolf Jung, n.d., ibid./397ft-80.

12
.DAP,
17 Nov. 1923, p. 3.

13.    Ibid., 21 Aug. 1926, p. 1; circular letter of the Ortsgruppe Knittelfeld (Styria), written by Hans Blumauer, Simon Pleschka, and Pieter Zelling, 29 Oct. 1926, Slg. Sch., 305 folder 2; Willi Frischauer,
The Rise and Fall of Hermann Goering,
p. 43. Hitler himself considered fleeing to Austria, but was arrested before he could do so. See John Toland,
Adolf Hitler,
p. 237.

14.    
DAP,
21 Aug. 1926, p. 1; Leo Haubenberger, ed.,
Nationalsozialistische Jahrbuch,
p. 101.

15.    
DAP,
6 June 1924, p. 2.

16.    Ibid., 19 July 1924, p. 1.

17.    The Austrian authorities argued that Hitler had given up his citizenship rights when he fought in the German army in World War I. See Geoffrey Pridham,
Hitler’s Rise to Power,
p. 34.

18.    Brandstotter, “Riehl,” p. 227.

19.    Jeremy Noakes,
The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony, 1921-1933,
p. 56.

20.    P. 516.

21.    
Mein Kampf,
p. 514.

22.    Quoted in Karl Bracher,
The German Dictatorship,
p. 137.

23.    Ibid., p. 135.

24.    P. 344.

25.    See Andrew Whiteside,
Austrian National Socialism before 1918; DAP,
22 Feb. 1919, p. 1.

26.    
DAP
, 22 Feb. 1919, p. 1; 29 Dec. 1919, p. 2.

27.    Gerhard Botz, “Faschismus und Lohnabhangige in der Ersten Republik,” p. 114.

28.    Gerhard Botz, “Aspects of the Social Structure of Austrian National Socialism (1918-1939),” pp. 5,6,8, 10.

29.    Raimund Haintz, “Die NSDAP
p.
252.

30.    
DAP,
7 Jan. 1933, p. 4.

31.    Schilling,
Walter Riehl,
pp. 308, 326, 331, 363. Johann Auer, “Antisemitische Stromungen in Wien, 1921-1923,” pp. 25-27.

32.    Max Kele, “The Evolution of Austrian National Socialism from an Indigenous Party to an Appendage of Hitler’s Movement,” p. 7.

33.    Josef Muller to the RL, 21 Apr. 1927, Slg. Sch., 305 2:2.

34.    
DAP,
21 Aug. 1926, p. 1.

35.    Muller to the RL, 21 Apr. 1927, Slg. Sch., 305 2;2. Hitler spoke at one of these rallies. See Johann Auerl, “Zwei Aufenthalte Hitlers in Wien,” p. 207.

36.    Haintz, “NSDAP” p. 251; Carsten,
Fascist Movements,
p. 144.

37.    Haintz, “NSDAP,” p. 253.

38.    
DAP,
13 Feb. 1926, p. 3.

39.    Brandstotter, “Riehlp. 228.

40.    Ludwig Jedlicka, “Die Anfange des Rechtsradikalismus in Osterreich (1918— 1925),” p. 108.

41.    Alois Adler,
Die historischen Fakten des Nationalsozialismus in Osterreich
, p. 24; Gordon Shepherd,
The Austrian Odyssey,
p. 120; Personalfrageboden, BDC, PA, Hermann Reschny folder.

42.    
DAP,
7 Jan. 1933, p. 4.

43.    Telegram from Neurath to the state secretary, 20 Nov. 1927, NA, T-I20, R. 2832/E450743. Neurath’s account seems plausible because Mussolini gave money to the Austrian Heimwehr after 1928 to support its Putsch plans. The Heimwehr, in return, had to promise to treat the South Tyrol as an “internal question” when it came to power. See Lajos Kerekes, “Akten zu den geheimen Verbindungen zwischen der Bethlen-Regierung und der osterreichischen Heimwehrbewegungpp. 301, 317.

44.    
Der Nationalsozialist,
10 Jan. 1923, p. 1.

45.    P. 629.

46.    Haintz, “NSDAP,” p. 260.

47.    
DAP,
21 Aug. 1926, p. 1.

48.    Brandstotter, “Riehl,” p. 236. Hitler’s rough treatment of Schulz and his references to power and subordination anticipated by four years a similar showdown with Otto Strasser who, like Schulz, was a Nazi “leftist.” See Joachim Fest,
Hitler,
pp. 278-81, and Max Kele,
Nazis and Workers,
pp. 156-60.

49.    
DAP
, 21 Aug. 1926, pp. 1-2; 28 Aug. 1926, p. 1.

50.    Franz Sumetinger to Hitler, 22 Feb. 1931, BDC, PK, Alfred Proksch folder, p. 6.

51.    Joseph Nyomarkay, “Factionalism in the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, 1925-26,” p. 34.

52.    
DAP,
4 Sept. 1926, p. 1; circular letter of the Ortsgmppe Knittelfeld, written by Blumauer, Pleschko, and Zellnig, 29 Oct. 1926, Slg. Sch., 305 2:4.

53.    Haintz, “NSDAP,” p. 262;
DAP,
30 Apr. 1927, p. 2; Hans Volz
,Daten der Geschichte der NSDAP,
pp. 107-108.

54.    Carsten,
Fascist Movements,
p. 153. Membership was highest in Lower Austria (1,214) led by Josef Leopold, followed by Styria (958), Vienna (900), Upper Austria (687), Carinthia (475), Salzburg (120), and the Tyrol (112). See Norbert Schaus-berger,
Der Griff nach Osterreich,
p. 225.

55.    Volz,
Daten,
p. 107. In 1932 Salzburg became a separate Gau again (ibid.).

56.    Circular letter of Schmidt, 26 Oct. 1926, Slg. Sch., 305 2:6.

57.    
Tgb,
14 Oct. 1926, p. 2.

58.    Excerpt from the
A-Z,
23 June 1928, TA, folder NS-Innere Konflikte.

59.    
DAP,
9 July 1927, pp. 1-2.

60.    P. 1.

61.    The Lower Austrian Gauleitung to the LL in Linz, 18 Jan. 1930; Frauenfeld to the RL, 27 Jan. 1930, the Vorarlberg Gauleitung to the RL, 10 Jan. 1930, Slg. Sch., 305 folder 2.

62.    Proksch to the USCHLA of the NSDAP in Munich, 10 Mar. 1931, BDC, PK, Proksch folder, p. 18.

63.    
DAP,
11 Mar. 1930, p. 2.

64.    Schilling,
Walter Riehl,
p. 88.

65.    
Tgb,
10 Nov. 1930, p. 1.

66.    10 Jan., 1931, p. 1.

67.    
DAP,
26 June 1928, p. 1; 16 March 1929, p. 1; 21 June 1930, p. 1; 27 June

1930, p. 1.

68.    Ibid., 13 Sept. 1930, p. 1.

69.    7 July 1933, p. 1.

70.    25 May 1934,
p.
2.

71.    Lebenslauf, BDC, PK, Walter Gattermayer folder, p. 4.

1.    Hereafter, unless otherwise noted, terms like “the party,” “NSDAP,” or “Nazis” will refer only to the Hitler Bewegung (HB) of the Austrian Nazi party.

2.    “Notes of the Hungarian government agent concerning his conversation with the Heimwehr leader P&bst,” 25 Jan. 1931, in Lajos Kerekes, “Akten zu den geheimen Verbindungen zwischen der Bethlen-Regierung und der osterreichischen Heimwehrbewegung,” p. 338.

3.    NSDAP circular letter, 31 May 1927, Slg. Sch., 305 2:2; letter from the LL Osterreich to the RL, 20 Dec. 1926, NA, T-580, R. 63.

4.    Edward Peterson,
The Limits of Hitler’s Power,
pp. 4, 15, 431, 433; Dietrich Orlow,
The History of the Nazi Party, 1919-1933
, p. 151; NSDAP circular letter, 31 May 1927, Slg. Sch., 305 2:2. On Hitler’s laziness and indecisiveness see also Albert Speer,
Inside the Third Reich,
pp. 185-86.

5.    Alan Cassels, “Janus,” p. 80. For similar views see Andrew Whiteside, “Austria,” p. 333, and Jurgen Gehl,
Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss, 1931—38,
p. 54.

6.    Unidentified writer in Innsbruck to the RL, 27 Sept. 1930, Slg. Sch. 305 folder 1.

7.    Proksch to the USCHLA of the NSDAP in Munich, 10 Mar. 1931, BDC, PK, Proksch folder, p. 3.

8.    Proksch to the RL, 22 Mar. 1930, Slg. Sch., 305 folder 1.

9.
   Proksch to the RL, 31 Jan. 1929, ibid.; anonymous article, “Hitler oder Schulzpartei,” mid-1932?, Slg. Sch., 302 folder 1; Krebs to Strasser, 16 Apr. 1929, Slg. Sch., 305 folder 1.

10.    Proksch to the RL, 22 Mar. 1930, Slg. Sch., 305 folder 1.

11.    Letter to Strasser, 16 Apr. 1929, ibid.

12.    “ExposS” by Leo Haubenberger, 30 Mar. 1930, Slg. Sch., 305 folder 2.

13.    Memorandum on the development of the party crisis in Austria by HJ leader Pischtiak sent to Strasser, n.d., NA, T-580, R. 63.

14.    Proksch to the USCHLA of the NSDAP in Munich, 10 Mar. 1931, BDC, PK, Proksch folder, pp. 2-3; excerpt from the Leipziger
Tagespost,
11 Mar. 1930, TA, Proksch folder.

15.    “Hitler oder Schulzpartei,” Slg. Sch., 302 1:1-4.

16.    Franz Inwihling to Strasser, 20 Aug. 1930, ibid., folder 1.

17.    Interrogation of August Eigruber, 3 Nov. 1945, NA, NI, pp. 7-8.

18.    Ibid., p. 8.

19.    Ibid., p. 10.

20.    Quoted in Jeremy Noakes,
The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony, 1921-1933,
p. 161.

21.    Dietrich Orlow,
The History of the Nazi Party, 1933-1945,
p. 8; Peterson,
Hitler’s Power
, p. 8.

22.    Noakes,
Nazi Party in Lower Saxony,
p. 161.

23.    “Expose” by Leo Haubenberger, 30 Mar. 1930, Slg. Sch., 305 2:2-3.