Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis (59 page)

 INDEX

landsorganisation), 142 Bormann, Martin (Hitler’s special deputy for personnel questions), 167, 187 Botz, Gerhard (Austrian historian), 97 Breslau (German Silesia), 114 Briining, Heinrich (German chancellor), 85

Bullock, Alan (British historian), xiii Biitow, Count Bernhard von (state secretary in German Foreign Ministry), 115-16

Bund der Reichsdeutschen in Osterreich (League of German Citizens in Austria), 142

Bund Deutscher Madel (League of German Girls), 92 Biirckel, Josef (Gauleiter of the Saar, Reichskommissar for the Reunification of the Ostmark with the Reich), 203, 219, 221

Burgenland (German West Hungary), 4,

9, 86, 139, 199, 210; HW of, 65 Burschofsky, Ferdinand (a founder of the DAP), 28

Carinthia, 4, 9, 16, 26, 43, 63, 66, 73,

78, 83, 95-96, 125, 131-32, 138-39, 152, 164, 166, 217, 226; HW of, 65; Nazi membership in, 72; elections of 1933 in, 86; Nazi leaders of, 176-77.
See also
Klagenfurt Carsten, F. L. (British historian), 101 Catholic Nationals, 173 Christian Socials (CSP), 12-13, 57, 65-66, 68, 75, 79, 81, 89, 95, 100, 102, 104, 157-60, 184, 227; becomes ruling party by default, 14—15; lack of social homogeneity of, 15.
See also
Dollfuss, Englebert; Roman Catholics; Schuschnigg, Kurt von Ciano, Count Galeazzo (Italian foreign minister), 182 Ciller, Alois (drafter of Trautenauer Program), 25 Civil servants, 94—95, 226 Clemenceau, Georges (French premier),

8

Coburg, Prince Josias von (pro-Nazi German financier), 117 Committee of Seven, 181-82, 186 Communists, xiv, 14, 32, 50, 91, 98,

102, 105, 107, 117, 141, 166, 206 Czechoslovakia, 4-5, 9, 29, 42, 45-46,

55, 101, 132, 194-95; employment rate compared to Austria, 631
See also
Bohemia; Czechs; Moravia; Austrian Silesia

Czechs, 4, 11, 16, 19, 24, 26-28, 60

Dachau (Bavaria), 144 Dadieu, Armin (head of Styrian section of People’s Political Office, VPR), 202 Danzig, 122, 168, 228 Deutsch, Julius (Socialist war minister), 73

Deutsche Arbeiter-partei.
See
National Socialists in Austria
Deutsche-Arbeiter-Presse (Zeitung),
25, 33-34, 38,42,48-50, 54,62-63,221 Deutsche Volkspartei (People’s party), 19 Deutschsozialer Volksbund (German Social People’s League), 180-81 Dobler, Johann (Nazi informant of July Putsch), 132 Dollfuss, Engelbert (Austrian chancellory 50, 78, 83, 85, 100, 103, 107, 121, 125, 160, 165, 205, 212, 221,

228, 248 (n. 35); formation of government, 79-80; prohibits elections, 90; and the dissolution of the Austrian Parliament, 104; dependence on HW, 109; negotiates with Habicht, 122-24, 126; and the July Putsch, 130—33; fascist characteristics of, 157-59 Drexler, Anton (chairman of German Workers’ party in Germany), 33-34, 47

Eberle, Josef (editor of
Schdnere Zukunft),
99-100 Eger (Bohemia), 23 Eichmann, Adolf (member of SS and head of Central Office for Jewish Emigration), xiii, 146 Eigruber, August (Gauleiter of Upper Austria), 110, 213, 220 Ethiopian War, 119, 155-56, 195

Fascism, 38, 53, 57, 155-71 passim; definition of, xv-xvi; lack of popular support for, 3; and the “Schulz party,” 49; leaders’ characteristics shaped by

World War 1,91; necessary preconditions for in Austria, 225.
See also
Fiihrerprinzip; Heimwehr; Italy; Starhemberg, Prince Ernst Rudiger Fatherland Front (Vaterlandische Front, VF), 141, 149, 178, 180-82, 185,

195, 198, 204-5; membership and organization, 159-62; and the July Agreement, 168-71 Feminists, 101-2

Fest, Joachim (German journalist and historian), xiii Fey, Emil (leader of Vienna HW and Austrian vice chancellor), 124-25,

130

Fluchtlingshilfswerk (Austrian Refugee Society), 139-40, 187, 228 France, 4, 9-10, 18, 77, 80, 85, 119, 123, 154; inability to aid Austria, 217 Frank, Hans (Nazi lawyer), 59 Frauenfeld, Alfred (Gauleiter of Vienna),

69, 77, 81, 91, 100, 105, 107-8, 124, 128, 148, 151,219, 238 (n. 50), 249 (n. 62); biography, 57-60; last years,
221

Frauenfeld, Eduard (brother of Alfred and Vienna Gaupropagandaleiter), 59,
111-12

Frauenschaft (Nazi Women’s League),
101-2

Freilassing (Bavaria), 75, 108 Friedjung, Heinrich (Austrian historian), 19

Fritsch, General Werner von (commander in chief of German army), 194, 196, 208

Front Fighters’ Association (Frontkampfervereinigung), 32, 46,

57, 73, 75, 82, 146, 240 (n. 16) Frontmiliz, 162

Fuchs, Martin (Austrian diplomat), 170 Fiihrerprinzip (leadership principle), xiii, xvi, 83, 99, 153, 224, 229; failure in Austrian N
azi
party, 150; and the VF,

161

Fiissen (Bavaria), 145 Galicia, 5, 19

Gattermayer, Walter (leader of DAP trade union), 28, 31, 34, 37,40, 47, 50
Gauleiter
(provincial leaders): functions

of, 56; responsibilities to Landesleitung, 72; lack of authority of, 151 Gedye, G. E. R. (British journalist), 111-12 Geneva Protocols, 6-7, 80 German Legion of Honor, 81 Gfollner, Johannes (bishop of Linz), 99 Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund (Austrian military historian), 118 Glass, Fridolin (leader of SS Standarte Eighty-nine), 129-30 Globocnik, Odilo (Carinthian Nazi leader and liaison officer between Austrian and German Nazi parties), 140, 153, 167, 177-78, 183, 185-88, 191-92, 202, 207-10, 212, 219, 228, 256 (n. 44); biography, 176 Goebbels, Josef (German propaganda minister), 59, 150, 167, 188 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (German poet), 86

Gorbach, Alfons (Austrian chancellor), xiv

Goring, Hermann (German Nazi leader, Prussian prime minister, head of German Luftwaffe), 38, 59, 134, 150,

177, 185, 187, 194,202,213-14,

216, 229; compares Austria with Nazi Germany, 163; relations with Leopold, 188, 191; telephone conversations with Seyss-Inquart, 208 Graber, Emst (general secretary of DAP), 42-43

Graefe, Albrecht (rival of Hitler and left-wing Nazi), 47 Graz (Styria), 26, 41, 56, 89, 93, 95,

131, 139, 146, 150,203,205,210-11; percentage of Nazis in, 202.
See also
Styria

Great Britain, 4, 10, 63, 80, 85, 119, 123, 154, 164, 169, 203, 214, 217; employment rates compared to Austria, 64; unwillingness to aid Austria, 195

Great Depression, 10, 65, 84—85, 94—95, 146, 195, 226-27; and Austrian unemployment, 63- 64, 113; impact on HW, 72; exploitation by Nazis, 87 Greater German People’s party (Grossdeutsche Volkspartei, GVP),

75, 79, 81, 84, 140, 149, 217; offer to

form coalition with Nazis, 37; electoral defeat in 1932, 80; relations with Austrian NSDAP, 82-83 Greece, 170

Habicht, Theo (Landesinspekteur of Austrian NSDAP), 83-84, 91, 100, 129, 132-34, 137, 141, 148, 154, 165,

173, 180, 187,221,224-25,228,238 (n. 40), 248 (n. 35), 249(n. 60); biography, 69; success in leading Austrian NSDAP, 70; revelation of party’s goals, 72; attempt to win over HW, 75-76; propaganda tactics of, 89; attitude toward parliamentary democracy, 90; attitude toward women in politics, 102; deportation to Germany, 107-8; meets with Biilow, 115-16; radio broadcasts by, 116-17; negotiates with Dollfuss, 122-24, 126; difficulty in controlling Austrian Nazis, 125; responsibility for July Putsch, 128-30; dismissal by Hitler, 135

Habsburg, Otto von (pretender to Austro-Hungarian throne), 101, 217 Hallein (Salzburg province), 34, 115 Hamburg, 221

Haubenberger, Leo (Schulz’s deputy), 48 Heimwehr (HW), 32, 52, 55, 61, 65, 68-69, 72, 76-80, 82, 95, 104, 109, 123-24, 131-32, 146, 149, 152, 157-58, 162, 164-65, 226-27; elections of 1930,
66
; origins of, 73; restoration of unity in 1927, 74; anti-Semitism of, 81; and the July Putsch, 132.
See also
Fascism; Italy; Starhemberg, Prince Ernst Rudiger Hess, Rudolf (Hitler's deputy), 129, 148,

150-51, 185, 188, 200; warns Frauenfeld not to intervene in Austrian affairs, 136

Heydrich, Reinhard (leader of Nazi secret police), 146, 219, 260 (n. 12)

Hiedler, Engineer (Austrian SS leader), 146

Himmler, Heinrich (Reichsfiihrer-SS), 177, 185, 187-90,219, 260 (n. 12) Hindenburg, Paul von (German president), 10, 85 Hitler, Adolf (German chancellor and

leader of NSDAP), xiii, xv, 21, 24, 27-29,32, 34,36-38,43-44,51,54,

60, 65-66, 78, 87, 89, 102, £13-14, 116, 118, 125, 128-29,132;138,

140, 142, 150, 153-54, 164, 168,

172, 176-77, 182, 184-87, 1%, 208,

210, 213, 215,217, 220-21,224-26,

233 (n. 47), 234 (nn. 48, 9), 235 (n. 13), 237 (n. 4), 249 (n. 60), 255 (n. 12), 260 (n. 12); and Schonerer, 22-23; attends Salzburg meeting of NSDAP, 33-34; attitude toward Austrian Nazis in 1923, 37; attitude toward federations, 39, 76; rebuilds German NSDAP, 40; and Austrian admirers in

1926, 41; and the South Tyrol, 45,

61; meeting with Suchenwirth and Proksch, 47; meeting with Schute, 48; electoral victories in 1929 and 1930, 49; strategy toward Austria, 52; conditions for intervening in party affairs in Germany and Austria, 53; reluctance to overthrow
Gauleiter,
56; and Austrian autonomy,
66
, 223-24; and the Styrian Heimatschutz, 75-76; views Austria as domestic problem, 85; propaganda strategy of,
86
; forbids use of terror, 107; and the Gleichschaltung of Austria,
112
; calls off direct attacks on Austrian government, 124; and the July Putsch, 133-37; enforces nonintervention policy, 145-48; and Leopold, 174, 190-92, 200; plays off Austrian Nazi leaders, 186; appoints Keppler to supervise Austrian Nazi affairs, 187; importance of his support for Austrian Nazi leaders, 188; policy toward Austrian SA, 189; and the Hossbach Conference, 193-94; meeting with Schuschnigg at Berchtesgaden, 197-99; Reichstag speech of February 1938, 203; and Schuschnigg’s plebiscite, 206-7; justifies German invasion of Austria, 214; decides to annex Austria, 216, 227—29. See also
Mein Kampf
Hitler Youth (Jugend), 42, 55, 59-60,

72, 76, 92, 205 Hofer, Franz (Gauleiter of Tyrol-Vorarlberg), 129, 145 Holstein, Friedrich von (counselor in

German Foreign Ministry), 187, 257
(n. 66)

Hoover, Herbert (American president),
6
Hossbach, Colonel Friedrich (recorder of minutes of “Hossbach” Conference), 194

Hossbach Conference, 193-94, 229 Hudal, Alois (Austrian bishop), 99 Hueber, Franz (SA leader), 188, 202,

219

Hungary, 9, 139, 159, 195

Iglau (Jihlava, Moravia), 25, 183 Innitzer, Cardinal Theodor, 99, 217 Innsbruck, 34,
86
, 98, 211-12, 217;

Nazi electoral victory in, 90.
See also
Tyrol

Interstate National Socialist Bureau of the German Language Territory, 33-34, 36-37

Italy, 3-4, 32, 85, 108, 116, 119, 123, 130, 132-33,155, 159, 161,165, 167-68, 195, 227.
See also
Mussolini, Benito