Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis (52 page)

8.    
IdVF
, 19 Oct. 1934, p. 13; MLB, Feb. 1936, p. 2.

9.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 233.

10.    Guido Zematto,
Die Wahrheit uber Osterreich,
p. 164.

11.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 3.

12.    Excerpt from the Linzer
Volksblatt,
22 May 1937, TA, Josef Leopold folder;
Deutsch-dsterreichische Tages-Zeitung,
3 July 1932, ibid. Even here there are parallels with Hitler who, while still in the German army for a short time after the war, took orders from the revolutionary left. See Joachim Fest,
Hitler,
p. 84.

13.    Peter MerkI,
Political Violence under the Swastika,
p. 109.

14.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 42-44; Ludwig Jedlicka, “Gauleiter Josef Leopold (1889-1941),” pp. 148-49.

15.    Dieter Wagner and Gerhard Tomkowitz,
Anschluss,
p. 21; interrogation of Friedrich Rainer, 6 Nov. 1945, NA, NI, p. 1.

16.    Radomir Luza,
Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era,
p. 30; speech by Friedrich Rainer in Klagenfurt, Carinthia, 11 Mar. 1942, before Nazi leaders concerning National Socialism in Austria from the July rebellion in 1934 to the seizure of power on 11 Mar. 1934, IMT, #4005-PS, 34:11. Hereafter referred to as Rainer’s speech.

17.    “Memorandum [by Altenburg],” 22 Sept. 1936,
DGFP
, D 1:299.

18.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 19, 26.

19.    “Memorandum [by Altenburg]” 22 Sept. 1936,
DGFP,
D 1:299.

20.    Wolfgang Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschaft,
pp. Ill, 113.

21.    See, for example, Extracts from the Closing Statement for the Defendant Keppler, “Ministries Case,” 14:141; Kurt von Schuschnigg,
The Brutal Takeover,
p. 209; Andrew Whiteside, “Austria,” p. 355; Leopold to Hitler, 20 Aug. 1937, DOW, #5001, p. 13.

22.    Papen to Hitler, 17 May 1935, NA, T-120, R. 2832/E450958-59; Gerhard Jagschitz, “Zwischen Befriedung und Konfrontation,” p. 184.

23.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 142-44; testimony of Friedrich Rainer, 15 Nov. 1945, NA, NI, pp. 12-13.

24.    Anonymous report from the files of Richard Riedl, NA, T-84, R. 16/44254.

25.    Rainer’s speech, 34:6, 13-14, 18; Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschaft
, pp. 98, 108; Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 47.

26.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 135.

27.    Rainer to Burckel, 6 July
1939, NCA,
#812-PS, 3:587-96; Rainer’s speech, 34:17.

28.    This generalization applies to moderates like Hermann Neubacher as well as to the SS leader, Emst Kaltenbrunner. See the intermediate interrogation report of Hermann Neubacher, 29 Jan. 1946, NA, NI, pp. 36, 37.

29.    Interrogation of Alfred Frauenfeld, 9 July 1947, ibid., p. 2.

30.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 135; Jurgen Gehl
, Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss, 1931-38,
p. 149.

31.    “The German-Austrian Agreement of July 11, 1936,”
DGFP,
D 1:281.

32.    Leopold to Hitler, 22 Aug. 1937, DOW, #5001, p. 4; Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 165.

33.    Christine Fessl, “Die Innenpolitische Entwicklung in Osterreich in den Jahren 1934 bis 1938,” p. 47.

34.    Report by the German consul in Graz (Drubba) to the German embassy in Vienna, 25 Mar. 1937, PAAA, folder 9, no. 22.

35.    Letter of 14 Jan. 1937,
Schmidt-Prozess,
p. 414.

36.    Affidavit, 28 August 1945 of George S. Messersmith. Detailed history of Nazi Preparations for the Incorporation of Austria in the German Reich, IMT, #1760-PS, 38:283-90.

37.    “The German Ambassador in Austria [Papen] to the Fuehrer and Chancellor,”

13 Feb. 1937,
DGFP,
D 1:391-92; Martin Fuchs,
Showdown in Vienna
, pp. 49-50.

38.    Pbpen,
Memoirs,
p. 395; Martin Fuchs,
Showdown in Vienna,
p. 56; William Leavey, “Hitler’s Envoy ‘Extraordinary,’ ” p. 80.

39.    Whiteside, '‘Austria,” p. 357.

40.    Schuschnigg,
Brutal Takeover,
p. 173.

41.    The German Consul in Graz to Herr von Stein in Vienna, 9 Feb. 1933, PAAA, folder 9; Schiller to Herren Chef W. A., 4 Apr. 1937, NA, T-77, R. 901 /5529295.

42.    “The German Ambassador to Austria [Papen] Temporarily in Berlin, to the Feuhrer and Chancellor,” 12 May 1937,
DGFP
, D 1:420.

43.    Plapen,
Memoirs,
p. 384.

44.    Papen,
Wahrheit,
pp. 445, 392, 395. The anonymous author of a report in the files of Richard Riedl did not, however, believe that Papen had been helpful to Rainer or Globocnik. He even accused Papen of stabbing the SS faction in the back and being passive toward the goals of German foreign policy. See NA, T-84, R. 16/44259, and Leavey, “Hitler’s Envoy ‘Extraordinary,’ ” p. 89.

45.    Alfred Persche, “Die Aktion Hudal ” 2:245.

46.    Personal declaration, BDC, PA, Seyss-Inquart folder; Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschafi,
pp. 22-24. See also Bruce Pauley,
The Habsburg Legacy, 1867-1939,
pp. 17-18,29.

47.    Personal declaration, BDC, PA, Seyss-Inquart folder.

48.    John Leopold, “Arthur von Seyss-Inquart and the Austrian Anschluss,” p. 40; Rainer to Biirckel, 6 July 1939,
NCA,
#812-PS, 3:59.

49.    “Aktion Hudal ” 2:244.

50.    Seyss-Inquart’s views in his essay “The Austrian Question,”
NCA
, #3254-PS, 5:966-67, 970-71. For Leopold’s opinions see Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp.
220
-
21
.

51.    “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 172.

52.    
Gehl, Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss,
p. 149.

53.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 22, 173.

54.    Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschaft
, p. 101.

55.    
DGFP,
D 1:291.

56.    Persche, “Aktion Hudal,” 2:246.

57.    Rosar,
Deutsche Gemeinschafi,
p. 141; Gehl,
Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss,
p. 155; anonymous report from the files of Richard Riedl, NA, T-84, R. 16/44258.

58.    “The German Ambassador in Austria [Papen] to the German Foreign Ministry,” 5 June 1937,
DGFP,
D 1:429.

59.    
Gehl, Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss,
p. 155.

60.    Persche, “Aktion Hudal,” 2:244; Papen, Memoirs, p. 295; Leopold to Hitler, 22 Aug. 1937, DOW, #5001, p. 1.

61.    Anonymous note to the leader of Hauptamt V, Lingg, 13 Dec. 1937, NA, T-120, R. 751/345237.

62.    Rainer’s speech, IMT, #4005-PS, 34:19.

63.    Rainer to Biirckel, 6 July 1939, NCA, #812-PS, 3:392; interrogation of Friedrich Rainer, 11 July 1946, Keppler’s Austrian Mission, NA, NI, p. 2.

64.    Notes of Hauptmann Leopold of 7 Aug. 1937, DOW, #5053, pp. 4-6.

65.    “Memorandum” (taken from a file of Keppler’s papers),
DGFP,
D 1:464.

66
.    Friedrich von Holstein (1837-1909) was a relatively unknown counselor in the German Foreign Office who, among other things, secretly used his position to worsen relations between Austria-Hungary and Russia, and helped to poison Wilhelm II’s attitude toward Bismarck. See Hajo Hoi bom,
A
History of Modern Germany,
3:247, 299.

67.    “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 219 and (from the same manuscript) Judgment of Dr.

H. A. Kraus.

68
.    “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 186.

69.    Ibid., p. 245; Zematto,
Wahrheit,
p. 165.

70.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 133.

71.    Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question, 1934-1938,” NCA, #3254-PS, jVC/
4
, 5:968.

72.    
The History of the Nazi Party,
1933-1945,
p. 235.

73.    Persche, “Aktion Hudal,” 2:247-48.

14. IdVF,
21 Sept. 1934, p.
1
.

75.    Ftersche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” pp. 167-68, 178, 191.

76.    Ibid., pp. 220-21.

77.    Persche, “Aktion Hudal2:269.

78.    Ibid.; Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p. 29.

79.    Reports and observation notes of various political and police offices over terrorist activities of the illegal NSDAP in 1935. Report, “Building of the Illegal SA and SS,” DOW, #7314.

80.    “AktionHudal” 2:244.

81.    Ibid., p. 235.

82.    Utters of Leopold to Hitler, 22 Aug. and
8
Sept. 1937, DOW, #5001.

83.    Jedlicka, “Josef Leopold,” p. 150.

84.    “Memorandum of a Conversation with Reichsleiter Martin Bormann on September 30 [apparently written by Keppler],”
DGFP,
D 1:462.

85.    “Memorandum [by Keppler] of Call on Minister President Goering in the Company of Landesleiter Leopold on October
8
, 1937,” ibid.:469.

86
.    Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” p.
210
.

Chapter XII

1.    Wemer Maser,
Hitler,
pp. 212-13, 234.

2.    Judgment: Introduction, Count One: Crimes against Peace, “The Ministries Case,” 14:330-31.

3.    P. 129.

4.    See, for example, Keith Eubank,
The Origins of World War II,
pp. 81-84; Alan Bullock, “Hitler and the Origins of the Second World War,” pp. 229-31.

5.    Alfred Persche, “Die Aktion HudalDOW, #5116/1, 2:252, 268.

6
.    Ibid., p. 253.

7.    Ibid.,pp. 253-54.

8
.    Norbert Schausberger,
Der Griff nach Osterreich,
pp. 417-18.

9.    “The Charge in Austria [Wiley] to the Secretary of State,” 29 Jan. 1938,
FRUS,
1938, 1:386; Gunther Edlinger, “Friedrich Funder und die ‘Reichspost’ in ihrer Stellungnahme zur Politik des Nationalsozialismus gegeniiber Osterreich von 1930 bis zum Anschluss 1938” p. 129.

10.    Guido Zematto,
Die Wahrheit uber Osterreich,
pp. 182-85; Andrew Whiteside, “Austria,” p. 357.

11.    Interview in Vienna. Tavs went on to say that the purpose of the Plan was to put pressure on the Schuschnigg government to reopen negotiations with the illegal Nazis.

12.    Alfred Persche, “Hauptmann Leopold,” DOW, #1460, p. 257.

13.    Ptersche, “Aktion Hudal,” 2:255-56.

14.    “Undated Report,”
DGFP,
D 1:512-13; Gordon Brook-Shephefd,
The Anschluss,
p. 35.

15.    Keppler to Ribbentrop, 7 Feb. 1938, “Ministries Case,” 12:711.

16.    Kurt von Schuschnigg,
The Brutal Takeover,
p. 182.

17.    “Protocol of the Conference of February 12, 1938,”
DGFP,
D 1:516.

18.    Extracts from the Testimony of Keppler, “Ministries Case,” 12:764.

19.    “Protocol of the Conference of February 12, 1938
1' DGFP,
D 1:516; testimony of Friedrich Rainer, 15 Nov. 1945, NA, NI, p. 21.

20.    “Memorandum from the files of Dr. Keppler,”
DGFP,
D 1:548.

21.
   
Jurgen Gehl
,
Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss,
1931-38,
p. 176; Brook-Shepherd,
The Anschluss,
pp. 62-65.

22.    “The German Ambassador in Austria [Papen] to the German Foreign Ministry,”

14 Feb. 1938,
DGFP,
D 1:519.

23.    P. 404.

24.    Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question,”
NCA,
#3254, 5:974; Gehl,/lusm'a,
Germany, and the Anschluss,
p. 181.

25.    Seyss-Inquart, “The Austrian Question,”
NCA,
#3254-PS, 5:974,

26.    Ibid., pp. 974-76.