Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (113 page)

liquidated’. Cf. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 159 ff.

93. EM 45; see also Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 177 ff.

94. Ibid., testimony of Zöllner, 26 Apr. 1962.

95. EM 45; State Archive Munich, Case against Sonderkommando 11b, charge of 19 Aug.

1971; see also the testimony of the accused, Johannes Paul Schlupper, 18 May 1962

(5, pp. 1008–9) and the interrogations of Johannes Nentwig, 25 Apr. 1962 (5, pp. 1070 ff.), and August Rosenbauer, 23 Sept. 1969 (18, p. 3823). See also EM 45; Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 186 ff.

96. EM 61; State Archive Munich, 119 c Js 1/69, charge of 28 Oct. 1972. There are important details in the testimonies by Hermann Siebert, 13 Nov. 1951 (vol. 5, pp. 630 ff.), Karl

Becker, 4 Aug. 1970 (vol. 3, pp. 300 ff.), Erich Rohde, 3 June 1970 (vol. 5, pp. 584 ff.), and Erich Hanne, 17 Dec. 1969 (vol. 3, pp. 362 ff.).

97. Judgement by the Wuppertal District Court of 24 May. 1973 (ZSt, V 205 ArZ 20/60).

98. Andrei Angerick et al., ‘ “Da hätte man Tagebuch führen müssen”. Das Polizeibatal-

lion 322 und die Judenmorde im Bereich der Heeresgruppe Mitte während des Sommers

und Herbstes 1941’, in Helge Grabitz et al., eds, Die Normalität des Verbrechens.

Bilanz und Perspektiven der Forschung zu den nationalsozialistschen Gewaltverbre-

chen (Berlin, 1994); Unsere Ehre heist Treue: Kriegstagebuch des Kommandostabes

Notes to pages 203–208

507

Reichsführer 55. Tätigkeitsberichte der 1. und 2. SS-Inf.-Brigade, der 1.SS Kav.-Brigade

und von der Sonderkommandos der SS (Vienna, 1965), 334 ff.; judgement of

the District Court of Bochum against members of Police Battalion 316 who were

also involved in the massacre (Bochum District Court, 6 June 1968, ZSt, II 202 AR-Z

168/59).

99. YV 053/12, Kriegstagebuch (KTB), Unsere Ehre, 322 (8 July 1941).

100. In his interrogation of 20 Apr. 1966, for example (ZSt, 73/61, 6, pp. 1510 ff.).

101. Ibid., YV 053/127, KTB 322 (9 July 1941).

102. Ibid (12 July 1941)

103. Ibid. (8 July 1941).

104. ZSt, II 202 AR-Z 168/59, order of the state prosecutor of Dortmund, 8 Nov. 1968. On

these shootings see also the judgement of the District Court of Freiburg on 12 July 1963

(¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz and NS-Verbrechen, xix, no. 555).

105. Note by the public prosecution department, Lübeck, 9 Sept. 1965 (ZSt, AR-Z 82/61). See also the testimonies of Wilhelm Niehoff, 27 Feb. 1962 (1, pp. 12 ff.), Richard Pelz,

undated (1, pp. 354 ff.), Friedrich Niehoff, 18 Aug. 1966 (11, pp. 2723 ff.). Cf. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 546 ff.

106. YV 053/127, KTB 322 (2 Aug. 1941).

107. YV 053/127.

108. YV 053/127 (15 Aug. 1941).

109. BAB, NS 36/13, published in Longerich, Ermordung, 43–4.

12.

The Transition from Anti-Semitic Terror to Genocide

1. IMT xxxviii. 86 ff. (221-L).

2. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 152, reconstitutes an execution that was conducted like a court martial on 8 July in Czernowitz (Sonderkommando 10b); the first shootings of Einsatzkommando Tilsit took place in a similar manner (Matthäus, in Christopher Browning,

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy 1939–1942 (London, 2004), 254). On the change in practice for executions, see pp. 260–1. The new, more

effective procedures are explained in the so-called Jäger Report of Einsatzkommando 2 of 1

Dec. 1941 (OS, 500-1-25). See also the judgement of the District Court of Kiel of 8 Apr. 1964, which stresses the differences in execution procedures using the example of Einsatzkommando 8 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz and NS-Verbrechen, xix. 773).

3. EM 19, EM 24, and EM 32.

4. EM 24, EM 73.

5. EM 73, EM 80.

6. EM 32, EM 47.

7. EM 46, EM 47.

8. EM 50, EM 67.

9. EM 58, EM 68.

10. EM 59.

11. EM 88, EM 90, and EM 94.

12. See above, p. 194.

13. See above, p. 195.

508

Notes to pages 208–214

14. EM 67.

15. EM 73.

16. EM 81.

17. EM 47.

18. For details see Krausnick, Truppe, 209 ff. The commandos sometimes urged that they be deployed not only in the Army Rear Area or the Rear Area of the Army Group but also in

the combat area (see for example the Stahlecker report, 180-L, IMT xxxvi. 670. ff., or

Activity and Situation Report no. 1, NO 2651, published in Klein, ed., Einsatzgruppen,

112 ff. and 113).

19. EM 111.

20. EM 27.

21. ADAP, series D, vol. 12, no. 207.

22. For details, see below, pp. 227 ff.

23. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 574 ff., which has various examples. Gerlach notes amongst other things that for the attitude of the central authorities the meeting of the General

Council of the Four-Year Plan on 19 Sept. 1941 meant a change of direction towards the

use of Jews for work details (ibid. 582; the invitation to this meeting and its agenda are in NG 1853).

24. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 583.

25. Ibid. 628 ff.

26. Ibid. 645 (in summary).

27. EM 31.

28. EM 111.

29. EM 94.

30. On the formation of ghettos, see above all Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 521 ff. and 574 ff.

31. BAM, RW 31/11, cf. Aly, ‘Final Solution’, 190.

32. BAB, RW 12/189; cf. Aly, ‘Final Solution’, 192.

33. At the end of August or the beginning of September, the formation of ghettos in the

larger cities was specifically encouraged by the commander of Rear Army Area South

(BAM, RH 22–6, 28 Aug. 1941 and NOKW 1584). The commander of Rear Army Area

North described the formation of ghettos in an order dated 3 Sept. 1941 as not a priority (BAM, RH 26–285/45 and NOKW 2204). The commander of Rear Army Area Centre

had been issuing orders for the formation of ghettos since July (cf. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 524–5).

34. 1028-PS, IMT xxvi. 567 ff.

35. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 530 ff.

36. EM 19 and EM 21.

37. Published in Paul Kohl, ‘Ich wundere mich, dass ich noch lebe’. Sowjetische Augenzeu-

genberichte (Gütersloh, 1990), 218.

38. EM 31.

39. EM 43.

40. EM 63.

41. EM 106.

42. See below, Chapter 17.

43. 221-L, IMT xxxviii. 86 ff.

Notes to pages 214–218

509

44. BAB, R 43II/683a. Rosenberg had already been assigned the task of establishing an

‘Office for Eastern Questions’ by Hitler at the beginning of April. On Rosenberg’s

preparations for the war against the Soviet Union, see Yitzhak Arad, ‘Alfred Rosenberg

and the “Final Solution” in the Occupied Soviet Territories’, YVS 113 (1979), 265 ff.

45. NG 1688; published in, Führer-Erlasse 1939–1945, ed. Martin Moll (Stuttgart, 1997),

no. 99.

46. Cf. the letter from Stahlecker (leader of Einsatzgruppe A) to Heydrich dated 10 Aug.

1941 (Staatsarchiv (StA) Riga, 1026-1-3) in which he draws attention to the fact that ‘the handling of the Jewish Question is part of the police’s role in securing the newly

occupied Eastern territories so that, according to points I and II of the Führer’s decree on the securing of the occupied Eastern areas by the police of 18 July 1941, the Reichsführer SS is entitled to issue instructions to the Reichskommissar’.

47. In the view of Christopher Browning, most recently in Origins, 309 ff.

48. See above, p. 184.

49. YV, M 36/3 (copies from the Military Archive in Prague), Meeting Minute Ia: ‘The units subordinated to the Command Staff are to be deployed in the area of political

administration. A commitment of larger units in the Rear Army Area is possible.

Members of the Command Staff and the units assigned to it have no business either in

the operational areas or in the Rear Army Areas.’

50. Cf. Rolf-Dieter Müller, Hitlers Ostkrieg und die deutsche Siedlungspolitik. Die Zusammenarbeit von Wehrmacht, Wirtschaft und SS (Frankfurt a. M., 1991), 94 ff.

51. According to a communication from Lammers of 10 June 1941 (BAB, R 6/21). On this

see Rosenberg’s opinion, 14 June 1941 and the ‘Denkschrift über Aufgaben und

Befugnisse des Reichsministers für die besetzten Ostgebiete bzw. Die Reichskommis-

sare und über Befugnisse des Reichsführers SS, Chef der Deutschen Polizei sowie des

Reichskommissars für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums’, which Rosenberg sent to

Lammers on 27 Aug. 1943 (no. 3726).

52. NS 19/1739.

53. NO 4724, Reichsführer SS to Lorenz and Heydrich (11 July 1941).

54. Addendum to communication of 11 July 1941, ibid. The original order to Pflaum had

also been issued on 11 July.

55. BAB, NS 22/971, file note by Bormann dated 16 Aug. 1941: ‘There is no clarity about

which areas should most quickly be Germanized after the end of the war, and it cannot

for the moment be obtained, since the Führer will only take the necessary decisions

after the end of the war.’

56. BAB, R 6/23, Himmler to Rosenberg, 19 Aug. 1941, and Rosenberg to Lammers, 23 Aug.

1941.

57. BAB, R 6/23 (cf. Müller, Ostkrieg, 98). In a file note on a conversation with Goering on 9

Aug. 1941 Rosenberg mentioned that Goering too was assuming ‘that the task assigned

to the Reichsführer SS with respect to the strengthening of the German nation was

limited exclusively to the area of the German Reich’ (ibid.).

58. OS, 1323-1-53 and BAB, R 43 II/684a, letter of 6 Sept. 1941 from Lammers to Rosenberg concerning Himmler’s competences.

59. Meeting between Knoblauch and Jüttner on 2 July 1941 (BAM, Film WF800, copies

from the Military Archive in Prague).

510

Notes to pages 218–221

60. KTB Commando Staff RFSS, 27 July 1941, published in Unsere Ehre.

61. Ibid. (9 July 1941 and 17 July 1941).

62. Ibid. (10 July 1941).

63. Witte et al., eds, Dienstkalender, 183.

64. KTB Commando Staff RFSS. The Cavalry Brigade was formed on 2 Aug. 1941.

65. Witte et al., eds, Dienstkalender, 21 July 1941, p. 186.

66. On May see Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 68.

67. BAM, Film M 806 (copies in the Military Archive in Prague), Activity Report for 20–7

July 1941 dated 28 July 1941.

68. In contrast to the two other Command Staff Brigades, the 2nd SS Brigade was not

deployed for the murder of Jews in summer and autumn 1941. Whilst it was subordin-

ated to the Higher SS and Police Commander Russia North, Hans Prützmann, in

September 1941, it was evidently used most frequently for military purposes. Prütz-

mann did not need a large SS formation in his area, since for the mass murder of Jews

in the Reich Commissariat Ostland he had local militias at his disposition (see KTB

Command Staff for September and October, published in Unsere Ehre).

13.

Enforcing the Annihilation Policy: Extending the Shootings to the

Whole Jewish Population

1. The most detailed account is in Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 151 ff.; see also Büchler,

‘Kommandostab’ and Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 555 ff.

2. KTB Commando Staff RFSS, 28 July 1941, published in Unsere Ehre, 220 ff.

3. BAM, RS 3–8/36; on the meeting with Himmler see also BAB, R 20/45b, Bach-Zelews-

ki’s diary, 31 July 1941.

4. BAM, RS 4/441, Divisional Order no. 28.

5. Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 142 ff., shows at several points mass shootings of women and

children by the 1st Cavalry Regiment from the first half of August, which are not

mentioned in the regimental reports. By the beginning of September the 1st Regiment

was avoiding all mention of the murder of women and children in its reports, although

this is contained in the reports of the Regiment’s individual squadrons (ibid. 194).

6. BAM, RS 4/441; Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 151.

7. Ibid.

8. The District Court in Braunschweig notes 4,500 victims in its verdict (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xx, no. 570, 20 Apr. 1964), which is based on EM 58. Higher

(and probably more realistic) figures are to be found in Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 155 ff.

The mass murder was described as a ‘reprisal’ for two alleged assaults on members of

the town militia (EM 58).

9. 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Mounted Unit, report of 12 Aug. 1941, USHM, RG-48.004, Reel

2, Box 24 (copies in the Military Archive in Prague), published in Unsere Ehre, 227 ff.

10. USHM, RG-48.004, Reel 2, Box 24.

11. Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 203.

12. Ibid. 194 ff.

13. According to Gerlach’s account of the events of August 1941 (Kalkulierte Morde, 566 ff.).

Notes to pages 221–222

511

14. Judgement of the Berlin District Court of 22 June 1962 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NSVerbrechen, xviii, no. 540); ZSt, II 202 AR 72a/60, judgement of the Berlin District

Court of 6 May 1966. On EK 9, see Ogorreck, Einsatzgruppen, 186 ff.

15. EM 50.

16. 202 AR-Z 73/61, vol. 6, pp. 1580 ff., 22 Feb. 1966; see also the interrogation of Filbert of 23

Sept. 1971 (ZSt, 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol. 11, pp. 7563 ff.).

17. ZSt, II 202 AR 72a/60, Judgement of the Berlin District Court of 6 May 1966; judgement of the Berlin District Court of 22 June 1962 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen,

xviii, no. 540).

18. ZSt, 201 AR-Z 76/59, 8 Oct. 1971 (11, pp. 7605 ff.).

19. Bradfisch (ZSt, 201 AR-Z 76/59, 8 Oct. 1971, vol. 11, pp. 7605 ff.).

20. On another occasion Bradfisch said that the same information had been given to him

by Himmler in Mogilev: StA Munich, 22 Ks 1/1961, 1, pp. 136 ff., 22 Apr. 1958. On this

visit by Himmler to Minsk, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 571 ff.

21. EM 90 and EM 92 v. 21 Sept. and 23 Sept. 1941; judgement of the 1st Munich District

Court of 21 July 1961 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xvii, no. 519); ZSt, 202