Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (114 page)

AR-Z 81/59, indictment of 19 Apr. 1960.

22. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 570.

23. EM 92 for 23 Sept. 1941; judgement of the Cologne District Court of 12 May 1964

(¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xx, no. 573). Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde,

585–6, dates these ‘actions’ to 9 Sept. 1941.

24. EM 92; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 586.

25. Ibid. 586.

26. EM 108 for 9 Oct. 1941; judgement of the Cologne District Court of 12 May 1964 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xx, no. 573).

27. BA, NS 33/22, telex of 1 Sept. 1942; Angrick et al., Tagebuch, 342; YV 053/128, KTB

attachments, report of 30 Aug. 1941. According to the attached statistics for the

executions this affected only men.

28. YV 053/127, 29 Aug. 1941.

29. Ibid., 1 Sept. 1941. On these shootings see also the witness statements by Alois Fischer, 27

Oct. 1965 (ZSt, AR-Z 6/65, 2, pp. 484 ff.) and Friedrich Soier, 19 Oct. 1965 (ibid.,

pp. 383 ff.).

30. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 568. EM 90 reported a total of 2,278 victims.

31. Ibid.; StA Minsk 655-1-1 (copy USHM, Roll 4), file note on the progress of ‘combat

against partisans’ from 25 and 26 Sept. 1941. See also witness statement by Nagel,

Battalion commander, ZSt AR-Z 52/59, supplementary vol. 2, 318–19. Cf. Angerick et al.,

Tagebuch, 345–6.

32. Angrick et. al., Tagebuch, 346 ff.; YV053/27, Kriegstagebuch of Police Battalion 322, 2/3

Oct. 1941. On the mass murder in Mogilev as the ‘starting point for total annihilation’,

see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 587 ff.

33. EM 133; Judgement of the 1st Munich District Court of 21 July 1961 (¼ Sagel-Grande,

Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xvii, no. 519); ZSt, 202 AR-Z 81/59, indictment of 19 Apr.

1960; Judgement of the Kiel District Court of 8 Apr. 1964 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und

NS-Verbrechen, xix, no. 567).

512

Notes to pages 223–224

34. Like those of Bobruisk and Gomel, this mass murder only appears in Activity and

Situational Report no. 8, which covers the first half of December (NO 2659, in Klein ed., Einsatzgruppen, 263 ff.); see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 596–7.

35. Wilhelm, ‘Einsatzgruppe A’, 576 ff.; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 597 ff.

36. Activity and Situational Report no. 8, NO 2659, mentions ‘2,365 Jews’; cf. Gerlach,

Kalkulierte Morde, 599.

37. Activity and Situational Report no. 8, NO 2659; ZSt, 202 AR-Z 81/59, indictment of 19

Apr. 1960 and judgement of the Munich District Court of 21 July 1961. Gerlach,

Kalkulierte Morde, 599–600 dates this mass murder to 7 and 8 Nov. 1941.

38. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 599 ff.

39. EM 133.

40. Einsatzgruppe B, Activity and Situational Report of 1 Mar. 1942, ZUV 9 quoted from

Gerlach, ‘Einsatzgruppe B’ in Klein, ed., Einsatzgruppen, 62.

41. NOKW 1165, report by the Higher SS and Police Commander South to AOK 6, 1 Aug.

1941 on ‘cleansing action’ carried out from 28 July to 30 Aug. 1941.

42. BAM, RH 22/5, 25 July 1941. On the murders carried out by the 1st Brigade in July and August, see Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 165 ff., and Bernd Boll, ‘Aktionen nach Kriegsbrauch.

Wehrmacht und 1. SS-Infanteriebrigade 1941’, ZfG 48 (2000), 775–88.

43. Activity Report by the 1st SS Brigade, 30 July 1941 for 27 July–30 July (Unsere Ehre, 197 ff.). See also BAB, NS 33/39 and NS 33/22, Activity Report of the Command Staff

RFSS, 6 Aug. 1941 for the period from 28 July to 3 Aug. 1941.

44. Activity Report by the 1st SS Brigade for the period from 3 Aug. to 6 Aug. (Unsere Ehre, 898–9). See also Schmuel Spector, The Holocaust of the Volhynian Jews, 1941–1944

(Jerusalem, 1990), 76–7, for more details.

45. Dienstkalender, ed. Witte, 12 Aug. 1941, p. 191; BAB, NS 33/320, Adj. RFSS, 11 Aug. 1941

and NS 33/312, Command Staff, 12 Aug. 1941. At the same time the Cavalry Brigade had

already shot a large number of Jews.

46. 1st Brigade’s Activity Report for 6 Aug.–10 Aug. dated 10 Aug. 1941 (Unsere Ehre,

111 ff.); EM 59 from 21 Aug.; BAB, NS 33/22, Command Staff report on activity

between 1 Sept. and 7 Sept. dated 10 Sept. 1941. On the involvement of Police

Battalion 320, see ibid., report by the Higher SS and Police Commander South of

20 Aug. 1941.

47. Cüppers, Wegbereiter, 174. Cüppers identifies inaccuracies in the reporting that can be attributed to technical and calculation errors; his own estimates are based on a more

comprehensive assessment of further sources.

48. KTB Command Staff, in Unsere Ehre, 110 ff. Further details in Cüppers, Wegbereiter,

203 ff.

49. EM 60; see also Jeckeln’s reports to the Command Staff (BAB, NS 33/22), 27–30 Aug.

1941).

50. ND 197-PS, minute of 27 Aug. 1941.

51. Randolph Braham, ‘The Kamenets-Podolsk and Délvidék Massacres: Prelude to the

Holocaust in Hungary’, YVS 9 (1973), 133–56; Klaus-Michael Mallmann, ‘Der qualitative

Sprung im Vernichtungsprozess. Das Massaker von Kamenez-Poldolsk Ende August

1941’, Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung (JA) 10 (2001), 237–64.

52. EM 94.

Notes to pages 224–227

513

53. EM 88; see also BAB, NS 33/22, telex Higher SS and Police Commander South

(5 Sept. 1941).

54. See below, p. 220.

55. EM 106. On the massacre in Babi Yar see Krausnick, Einsatzgruppen, 189–90; Hartmut

Rüß, ‘Wer war verantwortlich für das Massaker von Babi Jar?’, Militärgeschichtliche

Mitteilungen (MGM) 57 (1998), 483–508; Klaus Jochen Arnold attempts, with argu-

ments I do not find entirely convincing, to play down the involvement of the army in

the massacre (‘Die Eroberung und Behandlung der Stadt Kiew durch die Wehrmacht

im September 1941: Zur Radikalisierung der Besatzungspolitik’, MGM 58 (1999), 23–63).

56. On Einsatzgruppe C, see Dieter Pohl, ‘Schauplatz Ukraine. Der Massenmord an den

Juden im Militärverwaltungsgebiet und in Reichskommissariat 1941–1943’, in Norbert

Frei et al., eds, Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalso-

zialistischen Lagerpolitik (Munich, 2000), 135–73; and ‘Einsatzgruppe C’, in Klein, ed.,

Einsatzgruppen, 71–87.

57. ZSt, 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol. 6, 58 ff., 22 Mar. 1971. See also ibid., vol. 2, 375–6, 7 Feb. 1957: ibid., vol. 4, application for prior investigation, 29 Dec. 1969. See also 204 AR-Z 266/59, indictment of 30 Dec. 1964. On the interrogation of Schulz und Streckenbach, see

Ogorreck, Einsatzgruppen, 190 ff. and Wildt, Generation, 561 ff.

58. EM 119 (20 Oct. 1941).

59. EM 119.

60. EM 119.

61. EM 111.

62. EM 132.

63. Dienstkalender, ed. Witte et al., 3 Oct. 1941, p. 224.

64. EM 135.

65. Judgement of the Darmstadt District Court of 29 Nov. 1968.

66. Ibid. On the shootings see also the testimony of airman Friedrich Wilhelm Liebe, 14

June 1965 (IfZ, Gd 01.54, 49). The whole process is documented in detail in chapter 7 of

Klee et al., ‘Schöne Zeiten’.

67. EM 80, 11 Sept. 1941. See also ZSt, 114 AR-Z 269/60, final report, 30 Dec. 1968.

68. Judgement of the Darmstadt District Court of 29 Nov. 1968 and EM 88. Further

executions with more than 100 victims each are verifiable for Berditschew, Winniza,

Iwankow, and Taraschtscha (ZSt, 114 Ar-Z 269/60, final report, 30 Dec. 1968).

69. EM 106.

70. EM 80.

71. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 1251/65, Besser indictment and judgement.

72. Ibid., charge sheet.

73. Ibid., charge sheet of Besser, NS 33/22, telex of the Higher SS and Police Commander

Russia South, 19 August.

74. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 1251/65, indictment.

75. Interrogation on 11 Mar. 1969 (ibid., 7, pp. 1320 ff.).

76. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 1251/65 D, final note of the Bavarian State Criminal Office, 19 Dec. 1977.

See also reports in BAB, NS 33/22, telex of the Higher SS and Police Commander South

of 21 Aug. 24 Aug. and 27 Aug. with reports on shootings by Battalion 314.

77. Pohl, ‘Schauplatz’, 148; NO 2662, Activity and Situation Report no. 11 for March 1942.

514

Notes to pages 227–229

78. Pohl, ‘Schauplatz’, p. 149; NO 2662, Activity and Situational Report no. 11 (for

Artemovsk).

79. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 193 ff.

80. Testimony of Nosske, 9 Apr. 1962 (StA Munich, 119 c Js 1/69, vol. 4, pp. 482 ff.);

testimony of Max Drexel, 17 Apr. 1962 (vol. 2, pp. 132 ff.), Karl Becker, 22 Sept. 1961

(vol. 3, pp. 274 ff.), and that of Erwin Harsch, 1 Dec. 1947 (vol. 7, pp. 1604 ff.). See also Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 200 ff.; Ogorreck, Einsatzgruppen, 157 ff.

81. II 213 AR 1902/66, Main Document XI, interrogation of Nosske, 13 Mar. 1969,

pp. 2610 ff.; similarly also in ZSt, II 213 AR 1902/66, Correspondence File, vol. 2,

pp. 5, 97 ff., 24 May 1971; on Nosske’s testimony, see Ogorreck, Einsatzgruppen,

207 ff.

82. BAM, RH 20-11-488, report by the representative of the Head of the Sipo and the SD to the commander in the Rear Army Area South, 11 Sept. 1941.

83. Ioanid, Holocaust, 176 ff.

84. NOKW 1702, report from the local command post at Ananjev of 3 Sept. 1941; Angrick,

Besatzungspolitik, 232 ff.

85. NO 4992, testimony of Robert Barth, 12 Sept. 1947.

86. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 234.

87. StA Munich 119 c Js 1/69, indictment of 28 Oct. 1970 and judgement; testimony of

inhabitant Iwan Andrejewitsch Jordanow, 23 July 1969 (vol. 6, 705 ff.); testimony of

Erich Rohde, 3 June 1970 (vol. 5, pp. 584 ff.).

88. Ibid., testimony of Max Drexel, 17 Apr. 1962 (vol. 2, pp. 132 ff.); interrogation of Erich Rohde, 3 June 1970 (vol. 5, 584 ff.); Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 239 ff.

89. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 235.

90. ZSt, 213 AR 1898/66, 12, 2777 ff., testimony of Erich Bock from 17 Mar. 1965, and 13, pp. 2800 ff., testimony of Otto-Ernst Prast from 16 Mar. 1965.

91. Ibid., indictment of 8 Mar. 1966; testimony of Zöllner, 28 Apr. 1962, 3 May. 1962 (vol.

4, pp. 934 ff.), Karl Heinrich Noa, 18 Aug. 1965 (vol. 11, pp. 2292 ff.), and Otto

Eichelbaum, 25 June 1964 (vol. 8, pp. 1888 ff.). On the participation of members of

EK 12: StA Munich, 119 c Js 1/69, testimony of Karl Becker, 22 Sept. 1961 (vol. 3,

pp. 274 ff.). See also NOKW 3233, report on the activity of SK XI a in Nikolayev

between 18 Aug. and 31 Aug. 1941; cf. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 241 ff.

92. StA Munich, 118 Ks 268, indictment of 8 Mar. 1966; testimony of Günther Kosanke, 12

Apr. 1962 (vol. 4, pp. 888 ff.); BAM, RH 20-11/488, report on the activity of SK 11a in

Cherson between 22 Aug. and 10 Sept. 1941. Cf. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 251 ff.

93. Breitman, Architect, 211 ff.; BAB, NS 19/3957.

94. EM 95. The figure of 8,890 is already mentioned in EM 89 (20 Sept. 1941).

95. EM 101 (2 Oct. 1941).

96. Ioanid, Holocaust, 177 ff.; Dora Litani, ‘The Destruction of the Jews of Odessa in the Light of Rumanian Documents’, YVS 6 (1967), 135–54. On the involvement of SK 11 see

in particular Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 294 ff.

97. EM 116 (17 Oct. 1941).

98. Activity and Situation Report no. 6, NO 2656 (in Klein, ed., Einsatzgruppen, 222 ff., 232).

99. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 309–10, 311 ff., and 315–16.

Notes to pages 229–236

515

100. Ibid. 345 ff.

101. Ibid. 350 ff.

102. Ibid. 338 ff.

103. Jean Ancel, ‘The Romanian Campaign of Mass Murder in Trans-Nistria, 1941–1942’, in

Randolf Braham, ed., The Destruction of Hungarian Jewry: A Documentary Account

(New York, 1963), 87–134; Ioanid, Holocaust, 182 ff.

104. Angrick, Besatzungspolitik, 284 ff.; Ioanid, Holocaust, 187 ff.

105. Jäger Bericht, OS, 500-1-25.

106. Ibid.

107. Ibid. On this see the study compiled from witness testimony by Jakub Z. I.Wtjedni, Iz istorie Daugawpilskojo Geto, in: Daugawpilskaja jewrejsuaja obschina (Daugavpils,

1993), 287–394; testimony of Fritz Lesch, 8 July 1959 (ZSt, 204 AR-Z 21/58, pp. 2747 ff.).

108. EM 96; for the calculation see Wilhelm, Einsatzgruppe A, 113.

109. Judgement of the District Court in Ulm of 29 Aug. 1958 (¼ Sagel-Grande, Justiz und

NS-Verbrechen xv, no. 465).

110. See below, p. 235.

111. StA Riga, 1026-1-3, published as 1138-PS, IMT xxvii. 18 ff.

112. See correspondence from Tschiersky, aide in the staff of EG A to Jäger and Stahlecker, 5 Aug. 1941, and Stahlecker’s query to Heydrich of 5 Aug. 1941, both in StA Riga,

1026-1-3.

113. Draft document on the establishment of provisional guidelines for the treatment of the Jews in the area of the Reich Commissariat Ostland (MS corrections), 6 Aug. 1941, StA

Riga 1026-1-3, published in Hans Mommsen, Herrschaftsalltag im Dritten Reich.

Studien und Texte (Düsseldorf, 1988), 476.

114. This sentence was added in manuscript and replaces the original: ‘The following

solution to the Jewish problem takes account of all the angles so far explained.’

115. This last sentence was also added in manuscript.

116. Christopher Browning, ‘Beyond “Intentionalism” and “Functionalism”: The Decision

for the Final Solution Reconsidered’, in Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays on

Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge, 1992), 110.

117. OS, 504-2-8, correspondence of 21 July and 4 August. The permission granted in

correspondence from 4 August was on 2 Aug. 1942 (according to a telex from the

RSHA to BdS Riga from 22 June 1942: ibid.; the process is also in ZSt, Documentation

USSR, no. 401). On the authorization see Wilhelm, Einsatzgruppe A, 129.

118. EM 19 and EM 21. The ghetto in Minsk was set up following an order issued on 19 July 1941.