I Am John Galt (40 page)

3.
Robert Slater,
Microsoft Rebooted: How Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer Reinvented Their Company
(New York: Penguin, 2004).

4.
Stephen Manes and Paul Andrews,
Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry and Made Himself the Richest Man in America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).

5.
James Glassman, “A Right to an Internet Connection?”
American Enterprise
, April/May 2000.

6.
GartnerGroup, “GartnerGroup's Dataquest Says Worldwide PC Market Topped 21 Percent Growth in 1999,” press release, January 24, 2000.

7.
Peter Newcomb et al., “The Forbes 400 America's Richest People,”
Forbes
, October 22, 1999.

8.
CIA World Factbook
, 1999.

9.
Chris Long, “Gates Opens Up (Cover Story),”
The Director
, April 1999.

10.
Slater,
Microsoft Rebooted.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Fortune 500, 1999, and Edward Rothstein, “Wronging Microsoft,”
Commentary
, September 2001.

13.
John Markoff, “For Microsoft's Rivals, It's a Question of Fairness,”
New York Times
, July 19, 1993.

14.
Rothstein, “Wronging Microsoft,” and United States Senate, Lobbying & Disclosure Act Database.

15.
Mark Lewyn, “Going After Microsoft,”
National Review
, January 24, 1994.

16.
Rothstein, “Wronging Microsoft.”

17.
M. Rogers and J. Stone, “The Whiz They Love to Hate,”
Newsweek
, June 24, 1991.

18.
U.S. Department of Justice, press release: “Microsoft Agrees to End Unfair Monopolistic Practices,” July 16, 1994.

19.
Slater,
Microsoft Rebooted.

20.
Steven Levy, “Behind the Gates Myth,”
Newsweek
, August 30, 1999.

21.
Adam Cohen, “Microsoft Enjoys Monopoly Power,”
Time
, November 15, 1999, 46.

22.
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Argued February 26 and 27, 2001. Decided June 28, 2001. No. 00-5212:
United States of America, Appellee v. Microsoft Corporation, Appellant
. Consolidated with 00-5213 Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. 98cv01232) (No. 98cv01233).

23.
Levy, “Behind the Gates Myth.”

24.
Todd Bishop, “Software Notebook: ‘Evil Empire' Microsoft Warms to Open Source,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, August 15, 2005.

25.
Adam Cohen and Declan McCullagh, “Demonizing Gates,”
Time
, November 2, 1998.

26.
Rogers and Stone, “Whiz They Love to Hate.”

27.
James Henry, “Silicon Bully: How Long Can Bill Gates Kick Sand in the Face of the Computer Industry?”
Business Month
, November 1990.

28.
Levy, “Behind the Gates Myth.”

29.
Michael Paulson and Dan Richman, “Microsoft Ruled a Monopoly: Company's Conduct Has Hurt Consumers, Judge Says,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, November 6, 1999.

30.
Tom Stein, “Microsoft Ruled a Monopoly: Court Finds Firm Abused Its Power,” report from MSFT Press Conference, November 6, 1999.

31.
Ayn Rand, “What Is Capitalism?” in
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal
(New York: New American Library, 1966).

32.
Harvey S. Singer, MD, “Motor Stereotypes,”
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins University
16 (2009): 77–81.

33.
James Wallace and Jim Erickson,
Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992).

34.
K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Romer, “The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,”
Psychological Review
, 1993.

35.
Wallace and Erickson,
Hard Drive.

36.
Ibid.

37.
Ibid.

38.
Ibid.

39.
Ibid.

40.
Ibid.

41.
H. Edward Roberts and William Yates, “Altair 8800 Minicomputer Part I,”
Popular Electronics
, January 1975, 33.

42.
Wallace and Erickson,
Hard Drive.

43.
Ibid.

44.
Bill Gates, “An Open Letter to Hobbyists,”
Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter
, January 31, 1976.

45.
Wallace and Erickson,
Hard Drive.

46.
John Markoff and Paul Freiberger, “In Focus—Making the Most of Opportunities at Microsoft,”
InfoWorld
, August 29, 1983.

47.
Maggie Cole, “Gary Kildall and the Digital Research Success Story—The Man Behind CP/M,”
InfoWorld
, May 25, 1981.

48.
Wallace and Erickson,
Hard Drive.

49.
Ibid.

50.
Ibid.

51.
Jeffrey R. Yost, “An Interview with Seymour Rubinstein,”
Oral History
391, Charles Babbage Institute, May 7, 2004.

52.
Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis,
Winners, Losers, and Microsoft: Competition and Antitrust in High Technology
(Independent Institute, 1999).

53.
James Wallace and Jim Erickson, “Computer Kid Grows into a Formidable Foe,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, May 9, 1991.

54.
Wallace and Erickson,
Hard Drive.

55.
Slater,
Microsoft Rebooted.

56.
Ibid.

57.
Ibid.

58.
Ibid.

59.
Ibid.

60.
Alan Greenspan, “Antitrust,” in
Capitalism, the Unknown Ideal
(New York: New American Library, 1966).

61.
Michael A. Cusumano and David B. Yoffie,
Competing on Internet Time: Lessons from Netscape and Its Battle with Microsoft
(New York: Free Press, 1998).

62.
Slater,
Microsoft Rebooted.

63.
Steve Lohr and Joel Brinkley, “Microsoft Defiant in First Response to Antitrust Case,”
New York Times
, October 21, 1998.

64.
Rothstein, “Wronging Microsoft.”

65.
Ken Auletta, “Final Offer—What Kept Microsoft from Settling Its Case?”
New Yorker
, January 15, 2001.

66.
Bill Gates, deposition testimony, August 27, 1998.

67.
Auletta, “Final Offer.”

68.
Ibid.

69.
Cohen, “Microsoft Enjoys Monopoly Power
.”

70.
Slater, Microsoft Rebooted.

71.
Ibid., 121.

Chapter 6 The Central Planner

1.
Michael R. Crittenden, “A Roof over Every Head: Longtime Advocate of Affordable Housing Brings His Passion to Helm of House Financial Services,”
CQ Weekly
, December 11, 2006, 3262,
www.cq.com
.

2.
Stuart E. Weisberg,
Barney Frank: The Story of America's Only Left-Handed, Gay, Jewish Congressman
(Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009).

3.
Town hall meeting, Dartmouth, MA, August 18, 2009.

4.
“A Way with Words,”
New York Times
, May 13, 2008.

5.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank.

6.
Speech at Harvard University Kennedy School of Government, April 7, 2009.

7.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Ibid.

13.
Jeffrey Toobin, “Barney's Great Adventure: The Most Outspoken Man in the House Gets Some Real Power,”
New Yorker
, January 12, 2009.

14.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank.

15.
Ibid.; and Toobin, “Barney's Great Adventure.”

16.
Ibid.

17.
Ibid.

18.
Ibid.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Ibid.

24.
R. Wilkinson, “Frank Talk,”
Mother Jones
, January/February 1991.

25.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank.

26.
George Archibald and Paul M. Rodriguez, “Sex Sold from Congressman's Apartment,”
Washington Times
, August 23, 1989.

27.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank
; and Margaret Carlson, Robert Ajemian, and Hays Gorey, “A Skeleton in Barney's Closet,”
Time
, September 25, 1989.

28.
Allan R. Gold, “Rep. Frank Acknowledges Hiring Male Prostitute as Personal Aide,”
New York Times
, August 26, 1989.

29.
Charles P. Pierce, “To Be Frank,”
Boston Globe
, October 2, 2005.

30.
Gold, “Rep. Frank.”

31.
Frank Phillips, “Frank Tells of His Despair during '89 Sex Scandal,”
Boston Globe
, August 14, 2004.

32.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank.

33.
Sally Quinn, “Rep. Barney Frank, Minority Wit,”
Washington Post
, December 18, 1998.

34.
Ayn Rand, “The Monument Builders,” in
The Virtue of Selfishness
(New York: New American Library, 1964).

35.
Ayn Rand, “The New Fascism: Rule by Consensus,” in
Capitalism, The Unknown Ideal
(New York: New American Library, 1966).

36.
Souphala Chomsisengphet and Anthony Pennington-Cross, “The Evolution of the Subprime Mortgage Market,”
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review
, January/February 2006.

37.
Bill Sammon, “Lawmaker Accused of Fannie Mae Conflict of Interest,” Fox News, October 3, 2008.

38.
Congressional Record, October 24, 2000.

39.
Theresa R. DiVenti, “Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Past, Present, and Future,”
Cityscape
, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2009.

40.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank.

41.
“Two Views: Barney Frank,”
Mortgage Banking
, January 2004, 53–57.

42.
Ibid.

43.
Ibid.

44.
Gretchen Morgenson, “A Coming Nightmare of Homeownership?”
New York Times
, October 3, 2004.

45.
The OFHEO Report: Allegations of Accounting and Management Failure at Fannie Mae Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance and Government Sponsored Enterprises of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Second Session, October 6, 2004.

46.
Federal National Mortgage Association Annual Report, 2007.

47.
Morgenson, “Coming Nightmare of Homeownership?”

48.
Press release: “Delinquencies Continue to Climb in Latest MBA National Delinquency Survey,” Mortgage Bankers Association, November 19, 2009.

49.
Congressional Record
, June 27, 2005.

50.
Congressional Record
, July 25, 2006.

51.
Ibid.

52.
Ibid.

53.
CNBC, July 14, 2008.

54.
Jon Hilsenrath, Serena Ng, and Damian Paletta, “Worst Crisis Since '30s, with No End Yet in Sight,”
Wall Street Journal
, September 18, 2008.

55.
Peter J. Wallison, “Barney Frank, Predatory Lender,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 15, 2009.

56.
Ibid.

57.
Joe Nocera, “As Credit Crisis Spiraled, Alarm Led to Action,”
New York Times
, October 1, 2008.

58.
Carrie Bay, “Probe Finds WaMu's Demise in Subprime Lending, Regulatory Turf War,”
DS News
, April 16, 2010.

59.
Edmund L. Andrews, “U.S. Shifts Focus in Credit Bailout to the Consumer,”
New York Times
, November 12, 2008,
www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/business/economy/13bailout.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin
.

60.
Press release: “Treasury Emails Suggest Rep. Barney Frank Called Former Treasury Secretary Paulson to Obtain TARP Cash for OneUnited Bank,”
Judicial Watch
, March 31, 2010.

61.
Weisberg,
Barney Frank.

62.
Aaron Task interview, July 20, 2009,
http://finance.yahoo.com/tech-ticker/article/285683/Barney-Frank-Don't-Blame-Me-for-the-Housing-Bubble?tickers=len,fnm,fre,kbh,tol,xhb,hd
.

63.
Massachusetts Democratic State Convention Kickoff Party hosted by Young Democrats of Massachusetts and Worcester County Young Democrats, June 4, 2010.

Chapter 7 The Capitalist Champion

1.
This and all Rodgers quotations in this chapter, and recollections by Rodgers of statements of others, unless otherwise noted, are from a January 2011 author interview.

2.
Richard Brandt, “The Bad Boy of Silicon Valley,”
BusinessWeek
, December 9, 1991, 64–69.

3.
T. J. Rodgers,“Statement of Dr. T. J. Rodgers,” Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on Oversight, June 3, 1997.