Independence (79 page)

28
. JA to Warren, December 17, 1773, April 9, 1774,
PJA
2:1–2, 83; JA to James Burgh, December 28, 1773, ibid., 2:206;
DAJA
2:85–86.

29
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:282, 307.

30
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:308–9; 2:156; Ferling,
Setting the World Ablaze
, 95.

31
. JA to Shelton Jones, March 11, 1809, in Adams,
Works of John Adams
, 9:612; JA to William Tudor, March 29, 1817, ibid., 10:245; JA to AA, February 9, 1799, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, 1954–59, microfilm edition, reel 393; JA to François Adrian Van Der Kemp, April 18, 1815, ibid., reel 322; JA, Diary, April 26, 1779,
DAJA
2:362–63; TJ to James Madison, January 30, 1787, May 25, 1788,
PTJ
11:94–95; 13:201–2. On the height of eighteenth-century male colonists, see Kenneth L. Sokoloff and George C. Villaflor, “The Early Achievement of Modern Stature in America,”
Social Science History
6 (1982): 435–81; John Ferling, “Soldiers for Virginia: Who Served in the French and Indian War?”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
94 (1986): 312–23.

32
. JA to AA, May 25, 29, June 2, 10, 23, July 8, 12, September 26, 1775,
AFC
1:206, 207, 208, 213, 226, 243, 285; JA to James Warren, May 21, 1775,
PJA
3:11.

33
. Lewis E. Braverman and Robert D. Utiger, “Introduction to Thyrotoxicosis,” in Lewis E. Braverman and Robert D. Utiger, eds.,
Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text
(Philadelphia, 1991), 645–57; Sidney Werner, “History of the Thyroid,” ibid., 3–5; Robert Volpe, “Graves’ Disease,” ibid., 648–50; Peter C. Whybrow, “Behavioral and Psychiatric Aspects of Thyrotoxicosis,” ibid., 865; Harry B. Burch, “Ophthalmopathy,” ibid., 536–52; Vahab Fatourechi, “Localized Myxedema and Thyroid Acropachy,” ibid., 553–58; Jeffrey D. Bernhard, “The Skin in Thyrotoxicosis,” ibid., 696–700; Leslie J. De Groot et al.,
The Thyroid and Its Diseases
(New York, 1984), 2–42, 136–44; Rene Mornex and Jacques L. Orgiazzi, “Hyperthyroidism,” in Michael De Visscher, ed.,
The Thyroid Gland: Comprehensive Endocrinology
(New York, 1980), 279–91, 306–17; Brita Winsa et al., “Stressful Life Events and Graves’ Disease,”
Lancet
338 (December 14, 1991): 1475–79; Paul J. Rosch, “Stressful Life Events and Graves’ Disease,” ibid., 324 (September 4, 1993): 566–67; A. Horsley, “On the Function of the Thyroid Gland,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
33 (1985): 5; Robert Volpe, “Autoimmune Thyroid Disease,”
Hospital Practice
19 (1984): 141–43; Marjorie Safran and Louis E. Braverman, “Thyrotoxicosis and Graves’ Disease,” ibid., 20 (1985): 34–36; S. G. Dortman, “Hyperthyroidism: Usual and Unusual Causes,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
137 (1977): 995–96 See also John Ferling and Lewis E. Braverman, “John Adams’s Health Reconsidered,”
William and Mary Quarterly
55 (1998): 83–104.

34
. JA to Warren, June 27, 1775,
PJA
3:49.

35
. John Ferling, “ ‘Oh that I was a Soldier’: John Adams and the Anguish of War,”
American Quarterly
36 (1984): 258–75.

36
. JA to AA, May 26, June 10, 1775,
AFC
1:206, 214.

37
. George W. Corner, ed.,
The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush: His Travels Through Life Together with His Commonplace Book for 1789–1813
(Princeton, N.J., 1948), 140.

38
. Editor’s notes,
PJA
3:7–9, 156–58; 4:17–20.

39
. Joseph Ellis,
Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams
(New York, 1993), 42–43; David F. Hawke,
Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Gadfly
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1971), 164–65; G. S. Rowe,
Thomas McKean: The Shaping of a Republican
(Boulder, Colo., 1978), 164–65; TJ, “Character Sketches,” in Saul K. Padover, ed.,
The Complete Jefferson
(New York, 1943), 900, 904; Carol Berkin,
Jonathan Sewall: Odyssey of an American Loyalist
(New York, 1974), 142.

40
. JA to Warren, June 20, 21, 27, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:34, 43, 50, 61; SA to Warren, June 28, 1775,
LDC
1:553; Matthew Tilghman to Charles Carroll, June 20, 1775, ibid., 1:527.

41
. JA to Warren, June 27, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:50, 61; JA to Elbridge Gerry, [ante June 11], 1775, ibid., 3:23; JA to Joseph Palmer, July 5, 1775, ibid., 3:54; JA to William Tudor, July 6, 1775, ibid., 3:59–60; New Hampshire Delegates to Matthew Thornton, June 20, 1775,
LDC
1:524.

42
. Commission from the Continental Congress, June 19, 1775,
PGWR
1:6–7; Instructions from the Continental Congress, June 22, 1775, ibid., 1:21–22. On the Articles of War, see
JCC
2:122–23 and
PGWR
1:8n, 64n.

43
. JA to AA, June 23, 1775,
AFC
1:226; Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington: A Biography
(New York, 1948–57), 3:458–59; James T. Flexner,
George Washington and the American Revolution
(Boston, 1967), 23.

44
. Deane to Elizabeth Deane, June 22, 26–27, 1775,
LDC
1:532, 542; Connecticut Delegates to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., June 26, 1775, ibid., 1:542; JA to Warren, June 27, 1775,
PJA
3:50; JA to AA, June 23, 1775,
AFC
1:227.

45
. Samuel Blachley Webb to Joseph Webb, June 19, 1775, in Dennis P. Ryan, ed.,
A Salute to Courage: The American Revolution as Seen Through Wartime Writings of Officers of the Continental Army and Navy
(New York, 1979), 7.

46
. Account of Adjutant Waller, June 23, 1775, in Samuel Adams Drake, ed.,
Bunker Hill: The Story Told in Letters from the Field by British Officers Engaged
(Boston, 1875), 28, 29.

47
. Joyce Lee Malcolm,
Peter’s War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution
(New Haven, Conn., 2009), 85.

48
. Howe [probably to the British adjutant general], June 22, 24, 1775, in Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds.,
The Spirit of ’76: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants
(Indianapolis, Ind., 1958), 1:132.

49
. Recollection of Robert Steele, in George H. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin,
Rebels and Redcoats
(Cleveland, 1957), 59.

50
. The best account of the Battle of Bunker Hill is Richard M. Ketchum,
Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill
(New York, 1974). My narrative draws heavily on Ketchum. For succinct accounts, see also Richard Frothingham,
History of the Siege of Boston
(Boston, 1849), 133–206; Louis Birnbaum,
Red Dawn at Lexington
(Boston, 1986), 226–54; and Ferling,
Almost a Miracle
, 49–60.

51
. Howe is quoted in Maldwyn A. Jones, “Sir William Howe: Conventional Strategist,” in George A. Billias, ed.,
George Washington’s Opponents: British Generals and Admirals in the American Revolution
(New York, 1969), 47. Clinton is quoted in Ketchum,
Decisive Day
, 183. Burgoyne’s comments are in John Burgoyne to Lord Stanley, June 25, 1775,
Am Archives
4th series, 2:1095.

52
. Gage to Dartmouth, June 25, 1775,
Am Archives
4th series, 2:1097.

53
. SA to Elizabeth Adams, June 28, 1775,
LDC
1:552; Henry Middleton to Arthur Middleton, July 6, 1775, ibid., 1:595; TJ to George Gilmer, July 5, 1775,
PTJ
1:185; BF to Shipley, July 7, 1775,
PBF
22:94.

54
. Samuel Ward, Diary, June 1, 1775,
LDC
1:431; Hancock to GW, June 28, 1775, ibid., 1:555; ibid., 1:430n; JA to Warren, June 7, 1775,
PJA
3:17; Jack N. Rakove,
The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress
(Baltimore, Md., 1979), 78, 417.

55
. Dartmouth’s Circular Letter to the Governors, March 3, 1775,
DAR
9:60–62.

56
.
Am Archives
4th series, 2:454; Virginia’s Resolution on Lord North’s Conciliatory Proposal, June 10, 1775,
PTJ
1:170–74; Marston,
King and Congress
, 207–9.

57
. Johnson to Horatio Gates, August 18, 1775,
LDC
1:704; TJ, Draft Resolution on Lord North’s Conciliatory Proposal, July 25, 1775,
PTJ
1:225–29; The Resolution as Adopted by Congress, July 31, 1775, ibid., 1:230–33.

58
. Draft Petition to the King, [June 3–19], 1775,
LDC
1:440–41; Marston,
King and Congress
, 211–13; Rakove,
Beginnings of National Politics
, 73–79.

59
. JA to Warren, July 11, 1775,
PJA
3:72.

60
. JA, Autobiography,
DAJA
3:318.

61
. JA to Warren, July 24, 1775,
PJA
3:89.

62
. For an excellent account of the publication of JA’s letter and its impact, see P
JA
3:90–93n. See also Corner,
Autobiography of Benjamin Rush
, 142.

63
. John Dickinson’s Notes of Debates, May 23–25, 1775,
LDC
1:390–91.

64
. JA to Warren, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:62.

65
. Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, July 10, 1775,
LDC
1:620; JA, Diary, September 28, 1774,
DAJA
2:140.

66
. JA to AA, June 17, 1775,
AFC
1:216.

67
. JA to AA, July 7, October 7, 1775,
AFC
1:241, 295; JA to Warren, July 6, 1775,
PJA
3:61; JA to Josiah Quincy, October 6, 1775, ibid., 3:187; JA to Moses Gill, June 10, 1775, ibid., 3:21.

68
. Ward to Henry Ward, June 22, 1775,
LDC
1:535; JA to Timothy Pickering, August 6, 1822,
WJA
2:512.

69
.
PTJ
1:188n.

70
.
PTJ
1:189n.

71
. The Declaration on the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms, July 6, 1775,
PTJ
1:213–18. For TJ’s draft, see ibid., 1:193–98. For Dickinson’s draft, see ibid., 1:204–12. The
PTJ
contains an especially useful editorial note on the evolution of the final document. See ibid., 1:187–92. Finally, see
JCC
2:128–57.