Inside American Education (55 page)
92
David Riesman,
On Higher Education
, p. 237.
93
Dave Bianco, “Number of Applications Drops Again,”
Stanford Daily
, February 9, 1990, p. 1.
94
David O. Levine,
The American College and the Culture of Aspiration
, 1915-1940, pp. 141-142.
95
Ibid.
, pp. 137-139,
passim
; James Crouse and Dale Trusheim,
The Case Against the SAT
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 17.
96
David O. Levine,
The American College and the Culture of Aspiration
, 1915-1940, pp. 31, 32.
97
U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 383.
98
James Crouse and Dale Trusheim,
The Case Against SAT
, p. 35.
99
Robert Klitgaard,
Choosing Elites
, pp. 104-115; Stanley Sue and Jennifer Abe,
Predictors of Academic Achievement Among Asian Students and White Students
(New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1988), p. 1; Robert A. Gordon and Eileen E. Rudert, “Bad News Concerning IQ Tests,”
Sociology of Education
, July 1979, p. 176; Frank L. Schmidt and John E. Hunter, “Employment Testing,”
American Psychologist
, October 1981, p. 1131; Arthur R. Jensen, “Section of Minority Students in Higher Education,”
University of Toledo Law Review
, Spring-Summer 1970, pp. 440, 443; Donald A. Rock, “Motivation, Moderators, and Test Bias,”
ibid.
, pp. 536, 537; Ronald L. Flaughter,
Testing Practices, Minority Groups and Higher Education: A Review and Discussion of the Research
(Princeton: Educational Testing Service, 1970), p. 11; Arthur A. Jensen,
Bias in Mental Testing
(New York: The Free Press, 1980), pp. 479-490.
100
Stanley Sue and Jennifer Abe,
Predictors of Academic Achievement Among Asian Students and White Students
, p. 1.
101
See Thomas Sowell, “New Light on Black I.Q.,”
New York Times Magazine
, March 27, 1977, pp. 57ff.
102
Carl Brigham,
A Study of American Intelligence
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923), p. 190.
103
Rudolph Pinter,
Intelligence Testing: Methods and Results
(New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1931), p. 453; Ernest van den Haag,
The Jewish Mystique
(New York: Stein and Day, Publishers, 1969), pp. 21-22.
104
Robert Klitgaard,
Elitism and Meritocracy in Developing Countries
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 70-95.
105
Ibid.
, pp. 118-121.
106
David Karen, “Who Gets into Harvard? Selection and Exclusion at an Elite College,” Ph.D. dissertation in Sociology, Harvard 1985, pp. 139, 158a.
107
Robert Klitgaard,
Elitism and Meritocracy in Developing Countries: Selection Policies for Higher Education
, pp. 101-104.
CHAPTER 6: “NEW RACISM” AND OLD DOGMATISM
1
Fred M. Hechinger, “On Campus, the Political Pendulum Swings Again,”
The New York Times
, September 22, 1987, p. C5.
2
Christina Salvin, “Takaki on Target,”
City on a Hill
(University of California at Santa Cruz), January 25, 1990, p. 11.
3
Constance Casey and Renee Koury, “The Walls of Ivy,”
San Jose Mercury News, West
magazine section, February 17, 1991, p. 12.
4
Shelby Steele, “The Recoloring of Campus Life,”
Harper’s Magazine
, February 1989, p. 47.
5
Lisa Birnbach with Annette Geldzahler,
LisaBirnbach’s New and Improved College Book
(New York: Prentice-Hall Press, 1990), p. 283.
6
U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), Part 1, p. 380.
7
G. Franklin Edwards, editor,
E. Franklin Frazier on Race Relations
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 54.
8
See, for example, Derek Bok,
Beyond the Ivory Tower
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 100-101.
9
See, for example,
Presidential Nomination to the Civil Rights Commission: Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate
, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, July 13 and 26, 1983 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), pp. 10, 11-12, 28-29, 53, 374-375, 383, 486.
10
Clyde W. Summers, “Admission Policies of Labor Unions,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, November 1946, pp. 66-107.
11
Clyde W. Summers, “Preferential Admissions: An Unreal Solution to a Real Problem,”
University of Toledo Law Review
, Spring/Summer, 1970, p. 381.
12
Ibid.
, p. 377.
13
Ibid.
, p. 380.
14
Ibid.
, p. 384.
15
Ibid.
16
Ibid.
, p. 385.
17
Ibid.
, p. 393.
18
Ibid.
, p. 395.
19
Ibid.
, pp. 395-396.
20
Ibid.
, p. 397.
21
Ibid.
, pp. 398-400.
22
Macklin Fleming and Louis Pollak, “An Exchange of Letters: The Black Quota at Yale Law School,”
The Public Interest
, Spring 1970, p.44.
23
Ibid.
, p. 45.
24
Ibid.
25
Ibid.
, pp. 45-46.
26
Ibid.
, p. 46.
27
Ibid.
28
Ibid.
, p. 51.
29
Ibid.
, p. 52.
30
Clyde W. Summers, “Preferential Admissions: An Unreal Solution to a Real Problem,”
University of Toledo Law Review
, Spring/Summer 1970, p. 382.
31
Robert Klitgaard,
Choosing Elites
(New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1985), p. 175.
32
Macklin Fleming and Louis Pollak, “An Exchange of Letters: The Black Quota at Yale Law School,”
The Public Interest
, Spring 1970, pp.50-51.
33
Robert Klitgaard,
Competing Elites
, p. 162.
34
Salim Muwakkil, “Bias in the Bar Exam?”
Student Lawyer
, January 1980, pp. 14ff; Sarai Ribicoff, “California’s New Bar Exam Tests Charges of Racial Bias,”
American Lawyer
, June 1980, 1112; “Council Will Study Bar Exam Pass Rates to Gauge Bias,”
Bar Leader
, May-June 1991, pp. 7, 21.
35
James Alan McPherson, “The Black Law Student: A Problem of Fidelities,”
The Atlantic
, April 1970, p. 99.
36
Derrick Bell, “Black Students in White Law Schools: The Ordeal and the Opportunity,”
University of Toledo Law Review
, Spring/ Summer 1970, pp. 551-553.
37
Thomas Sowell, “Colleges Are Skipping Over Competent Blacks to Admit ‘Authentic’ Ghetto Types,”
New York Times Magazine
, December 13, 1970, p. 49.
38
Leonard Ramist and Solomon Arbeiter,
Profiles, College-Bound Seniors, 1985
(New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1986), pp. 32, 52, 62, 72.
39
David Karen, “Who Gets into Harvard? Selection and Exclusion at an Elite College,” Ph.D. dissertation in Sociology, Harvard University, 1985, p. 433.
40
“Affirmative Action Report to the Senate of the Academic Council of Stanford University,”
Stanford University Campus Report
, February 22, 1989, p. 13.
41
Peter Rapalus, “Class of 1994 Most Ethnically Diverse Ever,”
Stanford University Campus Report
, April 11, 1990, p. 6.
42
Leonard Ramist and Solomon Arbeiter,
Profiles, College-Bound Seniors, 1985
, p. 42.
43
Geoff Henley, “Unequal Justice Under Law School,”
The Daily Texan
(University of Texas-Austin), April 3, 1991, p. 4.
44
Timothy Maguire, “Admissions Apartheid,”
Law Weekly
(Georgetown University), April 8, 1991, p. 5.
45
Robin Wilson, “Article Critical of Black Students’ Qualifications Rails Georgetown U. Law Center,”
The Chronicle of Higher Education
, April 24, 1991, pp. A33, A.35.
46
Arthur Hu, “Minorities Need More Support,”
The Tech
(M.I.T.), March 7, 1987, p. 8.
47
Janice C. Simpson, “Black College Students Are Viewed as Victims of a Subtle Racism,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 3, 1987, p. 1. Black students were also less likely to be invited to join informal student study groups, which are an important way of coping with difficult courses. However, a black student with an A average was invited to join such groups, suggesting that race alone is not the problem.
Ibid.
, p. 18.