Inventing Iron Man (29 page)

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Authors: E. Paul Zehr

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Marvel. (2008)
The official handbook of the Marvel Universe
, vol. 2., master edition. Marvel Publishing Inc., New York.

Chapter 2. Building the Body with Biology: When the Man of Metal Needs to Muscle In

Biddiss, EA, and Chau, TT. (2007) Upper limb prosthesis use and abandonment: A survey of the last 25 years.
Prosthetics and Orthotics International
31(3): 236–57.

Burkett, B. (2010) Technology in Paralympic sport: Performance enhancement or essential for performance?
British Journal of Sports Medicine
44(3): 215–20.

Camporesi, S. (2008) Oscar Pistorius, enhancement and post-humans.
Journal of Medical Ethics
34(9): 639.

Childress, DS. (2002) Development of rehabilitation engineering over the years: As I see it.
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
39(6 Suppl): 1–10.

Clower, WT. (1998) The transition from animal spirits to animal electricity: A neuroscience paradigm shift.
Journal of the History of Neuroscience
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Ferris, DP, Bohra, ZA, et al. (2006) Neuromechanical adaptation to hopping with an elastic ankle-foot orthosis.
Journal of Applied Physiology
100(1): 163–70.

Ferris, DP, Louie, M., et al. (1998) Running in the real world: Adjusting leg stiffness for different surfaces.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Section B, Biologicial Science)
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Grabowski, AM, and Herr, HM. (2009) Leg exoskeleton reduces the metabolic cost of human hopping.
Journal of Applied Physiology
107(3): 670–78.

Herschbach, L. (1997) Prosthetic reconstructions: Making the industry, remaking the body, modelling the nation.
History Workshop Journal
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Hobson, DA. (2002) Reflections on rehabilitation engineering history: Are there lessons to be learned?
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
39(6 Suppl): 17–22.

Marvel. (2008)
The official handbook of the Marvel Universe
, vol. 2, master edition. Marvel Publishing Inc., New York.

Michaelis, V. (2010) Runner lives life without limitations.
USA Today
, April 26, 2010, 2.

Moritz, CT. (2009) A spring in your step: Some is good, more is not always better.
Journal of Applied Physiology
107(3): 643–44.

Muri, A. (2007)
The enlightenment cyborg: A history of communication and control in the human machine
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Noth, J. (1992) Motor units. In
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Parsons, P. (2010)
The science of Doctor Who
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Thurston, AJ. (2007) Paré and prosthetics: The early history of artificial limbs.
Australia and New Zealand Journal of Surgery
77(12): 1114–19.

Vogel, S. (2001)
Prime mover: A natural history of muscle
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Warwick, K. (2002)
I, cyborg
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Weyand, PG, Bundle, MW, et al. (2009a) The fastest runner on artificial legs: Different limbs, similar function?
Journal of Applied Physiology
107(3): 903–11.

Weyand, PG, Bundle, MW, et al. (2009b) Point: Counterpoint: Artificial limbs do / do not make artificial running speeds possible.
Journal of Applied Physiology
108: 1111–12.

Chapter 3. Accessing the Brain of the Armored Avenger: Can We Connect the Cranium to a Computer?

Allison, BZ, Wolpaw, EW, et al. (2007) Brain-computer interface systems: Progress and prospects.
Expert Review of Medical Devices
4(4): 463–74.

Andersen, RA, and Cui, H. (2009) Intention, action planning, and decision making in parietal-frontal circuits.
Neuron
63(5): 568–83.

Andersen, RA, Hwang, EJ, et al. (2010) Cognitive neural prosthetics.
Annual Review of Psychology
61(1): 169–90.

Buschman, TJ, and Miller, EK. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices.
Science
315(5820): 1860–62.

Fernandez, E, Pelayo, F, et al. (2005) Development of a cortical visual neuroprosthesis for the blind: The relevance of neuroplasticity.
Journal of Neural Engineering
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Hochberg, LR, Serruya, MD, Friehs, GM, et al. (2010) Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia.
Nature
442: 164–71.

Hwang, EJ, and Andersen, RA. (2009) Brain control of movement execution onset using local field potentials in posterior parietal cortex.
Journal of Neuroscience
29(45): 14363–70.

Leach, JB, Achyuta, AKH, et al. (2009) Bridging the divide between neuroprosthetic design, tissue engineering and neurobiology.
Frontiers in Neuroengineering
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Millett, D. (2001) Hans Berger: From psychic energy to the EEG.
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
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Nicolelis, M. (2011)
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Normann, RA, Greger, B, et al. (2009) Toward the development of a cortically based visual neuroprosthesis.
Journal of Neural Engineering
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Patil, PG, and Turner, DA. (2008) The development of brain-machine interface neuroprosthetic devices.
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Pfurtscheller, G, Allison, BZ, et al. The hybrid BCI.
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Prochazka, A, Gauthier, M, et al. (1997) The bionic glove: An electrical stimulator garment that provides controlled grasp and hand opening in quadriplegia.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
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Rosler, F. (2005) From single-channel recordings to brain-mapping devices: The impact of electroencephalography on experimental psychology.
History of Psychology
8(1): 95–117.

Schalk, G. (2008) Brain-computer symbiosis.
Journal of Neural Engineering
5(1): 1–15.

Stanslaski, S, Cong, P, et al. (2009)
An implantable bi-directional brain-machine interface system for chronic neuroprosthesis research
. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Annual International Conference of the IEEE.

Stein, RB, Everaert, DG, et al. (2010) Long-term therapeutic and orthotic effects of a foot drop stimulator on walking performance in progressive and non-progressive neurological disorders.
Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
24(2): 152–67.

Chapter 4. Multitasking and the Metal Man: How Much Can Iron Man's Mind Manage?

Almor, A. (2008) Why does language interfere with vision-based tasks?
Experimental Psychology
55(4): 260–68.

Coull, JT. (2004) fMRI studies of temporal attention: Allocating attention within, or towards, time.
Cognitive Brain Research
21(2): 216–26.

Coull, JT, and Nobre, AC. (1998) Where and when to pay attention: The neural systems for directing attention to spatial locations and to time intervals as revealed by both PET and fMRI.
Journal of Neuroscience
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De Jong, MJ. (2003) Cellular telephone use while driving: Growing awareness of the danger.
Journal of Emergency Nursing
29(6): 578–81.

Friscolanti, M. (2006)
Friendly fire: The untold story of the U.S. bombing that killed four Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan
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Hunton, J, and Rose, JM. (2005) Cellular telephones and driving performance: The effects of attentional demands on motor vehicle crash risk.
Risk Analysis
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Levin, A. (2010) FAA wants no pilot distractions.
USA Today
, April 25, 2010.

Nadkarni, NK, Zabjek, K, et al. (2010) Effect of working memory and spatial attention tasks on gait in healthy young and older adults.
Motor Control
14(2): 195–210.

Redelmeier, DA, and Tibshirani, RJ. (1997) Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions.
The New England Journal of Medicine
336(7): 453–58.

Schmidt, RA, and Lee, TD. (2005)
Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis
. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois.

Watson, JMS, and Strayer, DL. (2010) Supertaskers: Profiles in extraordinary multi-tasking ability.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
17(4): 479–85.

Chapter 5. Softening Up a Superhero: Why the Man with a Suit of Iron Could Get a Jelly Belly

Hidler, J, Nichols, D, et al. (2009) Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the lokomat in sub-acute stroke.
Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
23(1): 5–13.

Lam, T, Eng, JJ, et al. (2007) A systematic review of the efficacy of gait rehabilitation strategies for spinal cord injury.
Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation
13(1): 32–57.

Lipnicki, D, and Gunga, H-C. (2009) Physical inactivity and cognitive functioning: results from bed rest studies.
European Journal of Applied Physiology
105(1): 27–35.

Lipnicki, DM, Gunga, H-C, Belavý, DL, and Felsenberg, D. (2009) Bed rest and cognition: Effects on executive functioning and reaction time.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
80(12): 1018–24.

Moseley, AM, Stark, A, et al. (2008) Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke.
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Nash, MS, Jacobs, PL, et al. (2004) Metabolic and cardiac responses to robotic-assisted locomotion in motor-complete tetraplegia: A case report.
Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine
27(1): 78–82.

Nicholas, SC, Doxey-Gasway, DD, et al. (1998) A link-segment model of upright human posture for analysis of head-trunk coordination.
Journal of Vestibular Research
8: 187–200.

Paloski, W, Harm, DL, et al. (2000)
Postural changes following sensory reinterpretation as an analog to spaceflight
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Reschke, MF, Bloomberg, JJ, et al. (1998) Posture, locomotion, spatial orientation, and motion sickness as a function of space flight.
Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews
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Stetz, MC, Thomas, ML, et al. (2007) Stress, mental health, and cognition: A brief review of relationships and countermeasures.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
78: B252–B260.

Williams, D, Kuipers, A, et al. (2009) Acclimation during space flight: Effects on human physiology.
Canadian Medical Association Journal
180(13): 1317–23.

Zehr, EP, and Duysens, J. (2004) Regulation of arm and leg movement during human locomotion.
The Neuroscientist
10(4): 347–61.

Zehr, EP, Hundza, SR, et al. (2009) The quadrupedal nature of human bipedal locomotion.
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
37(2): 102–8.

Chapter 6. Brain Drain: Will Tony's Gray Matter Give Way?

Cardinali, L, Frassinetti, F, et al. (2009) Tool-use induces morphological updating of the body schema.
Current Biology
19(12): R478–R479.

Ehrsson, HH, Rosen, B, et al. (2008) Upper limb amputees can be induced to experience a rubber hand as their own.
Brain
131(12): 3443–52.

Flor, H, Denke, C, et al. (2001) Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain.
Lancet
357(9270): 1763–64.

Flor, H, Knost, B, et al. (2002) The role of operant conditioning in chronic pain: An experimental investigation.
Pain
95(1–2): 111–18.

Follain, J. (2010) Facing the future.
The Sunday Times Magazine
. London, England, January 17, 2010, 40–45.

Ganguly, K, and Carmena, JM. (2009) Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control.
Public Library of Science (Biology)
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Mercier, C, Reilly, KT, et al. (2006) Mapping phantom movement representations in the motor cortex of amputees.
Brain
129(8): 2202–10.

Ramachandran, VS, and Altschuler, EL. (2009) The use of visual feedback, in particular Miller visual feedback, in fostering brain function.
Brain
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Sedwick, C. (2009) Practice makes perfect: Learning mind control of prosthetics.
PLoS Biology
7(7): e1000152.

Suminski, A, Tkach, DC, et al. (2010) Incorporating feedback from multiple sensory modalities enhances brain-machine interface control.
Journal of Neuroscience
30:16777–87.

Taub, E, Uswatte, G, et al. (2006) The learned nonuse phenomenon: Implications for rehabilitation.
Europa Medicophysica
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Wolpaw, JR, and Carp, JS. (2006) Plasticity from muscle to brain.
Progress in Neurobiology
78(3–5):233–63.

Chapter 7. Trials and Tribulations of the Tin Man: What Happens When the Human Machine Breaks Down

Brown, TG, Ouimet, MC, et al. (2009) From the brain to bad behaviour and back again: Neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms of driving while impaired by alcohol.
Drug and Alcohol Reviews
28(4): 406–18.

Caldwell, JA, Mallis, MM, et al. (2009) Fatigue countermeasures in aviation.
Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine
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