Jefferson's War (51 page)
Authors: Joseph Wheelan
18. “During six months”: Chew, p. 358.
18. “Between 1628 and 1634”: Lane-Poole,
Barbary Corsairs,
p. 233; Louis B. Wright and Julia H. Macleod,
The First Americans in North Africa: William Eaton's Struggle for a Vigorous Policy Against the Barbary Pirates, 1799â1805
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), p. 11.
Barbary Corsairs,
p. 233; Louis B. Wright and Julia H. Macleod,
The First Americans in North Africa: William Eaton's Struggle for a Vigorous Policy Against the Barbary Pirates, 1799â1805
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), p. 11.
18. “The Spanish abetted”: Friedman, pp. 10â11.
18. “Gibraltar's nine watchtowers”: Ibid., p. xvii.
18. “Even when privateers”: Ibid., p. 34.
18. “Long stretches of”: Ibid., pp. 48â9.
18. “Spain and Italy”: Ibid., p. 165; Colin McEvedy
The Penguin Atlas of Ancient, Medieval and Modern History
, 3 vols. (Baltimore: Penguin Books Inc., 1967), vol. 3, p. 37; 1999 Europe population figures.
The Penguin Atlas of Ancient, Medieval and Modern History
, 3 vols. (Baltimore: Penguin Books Inc., 1967), vol. 3, p. 37; 1999 Europe population figures.
19. “the habitual âclimate of fear”': Friedman, p. xxv.
19. “In 1616 alone”: Julien, p. 306.
19. “Wrote Diego de Haedo”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 205.
19. “Algiers's lavish public”: Julien, pp. 106â7.
20. “The Algiers skyline sprouted”: Wolf, pp. 94â7.
20. “The hazards of”: Ibid., p. 148.
20. “expensive, ornamented fountains”: Ibid., p. 97.
21. “The youngest, handsomest”: Friedman, pp. 68â9.
21. “Algiers's âzoco'”: Ibid., pp. 56-7.
21. “Father Dan happened”: Lane-Poole,
Barbary Corsairs,
p. 133.
Barbary Corsairs,
p. 133.
21. “True, some corsair captains”: Friedman, pp. 72â4.
22. “Christians usually were”: Ibid., pp. 55â6.
22. “âOur beds were nothing'”: Chew, p. 381.
22. “Ships docking in”: Lane-Poole,
Barbary Corsairs,
p. 252.
Barbary Corsairs,
p. 252.
22. “Surgeons were another”: Friedman, pp. 69-70.
23. “Chained naked to”: Lane-Poole,
Barbary Corsairs,
pp. 214â5.
Barbary Corsairs,
pp. 214â5.
23. “One was Germaine”: Friedman, pp. 68â9.
23. “Two thousand slaves”: Ibid., pp. 66â7.
24. “Slaves were bastinadoed”: Gardner W. Allen,
Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs
(Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1905), p. 21.
Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs
(Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1905), p. 21.
24. “Jean de Matha”: Friedman, pp. 91â101.
24. “The sight of the”: Ibid., p. xxv.
24. “The pashas allowed”: Ibid., pp. 91â101.
25. “During eighty-two redemption”: Ibid., pp. 145â6.
25. “between 1520 and 1830”: Wolf, pp. 151â2.
26. “Admiral Lambert appeared”: Ibid., pp. 90â1.
26. “English Admiral Robert Blake”: Wolf, pp. 220â1.
27. “Dutch Admiral Michiel De Ruyter”: Tucker, p. 56.
27. “British Admiral Edward Spragg”: Wolf, p. 215.
27. “The four janissary”: Abun-Nasr, p. 175.
28. “In 1682, Admiral Abraham Duquesne”: Wolf, pp. 259â60.
29. “the French king Louis XIV sent”: Ibid.
30. “In 1712 Holland sent”: Lane-Poole,
Barbary Corsairs,
pp. 258â69.
Barbary Corsairs,
pp. 258â69.
31. “Algiers's population, thinned”: Julien, p. 320.
Chapter III: The New Nation and Barbary32. “An ambassador from America!”â: McCullough, p. 337.
33. “In October 1784”: Mary A. Giunta, ed.,
The Emerging Nation: A Documentary History of the Foreign Relations of the United States under the Articles of Confederation: 1780â1789,
3 vols. (Washington: National Historical Publications and Record Commission, 1996), vol. 2, p. 503.
The Emerging Nation: A Documentary History of the Foreign Relations of the United States under the Articles of Confederation: 1780â1789,
3 vols. (Washington: National Historical Publications and Record Commission, 1996), vol. 2, p. 503.
33. “âOur sufferings are beyond'”: Ibid., p. 767.
33. “Jay already had instructed”: Ibid., p. 553.
34. “the Dutch, Danes”: Ibid., pp. 564â5.
34. “The men warmed”:
The Works of John Adams,
10 vols. (Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), vol. 8, pp. 372-3.
The Works of John Adams,
10 vols. (Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), vol. 8, pp. 372-3.
35. “In 1698, during another”: Whipple, pp. 292-3.
36. “an average of 100”: Julian P. Boyd et al., ed.,
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,
25 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950â), vol. 18, p. 371.
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,
25 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950â), vol. 18, p. 371.
36. “Mediterranean markets consumed”: Curtis P. Nettles,
The Emergence of a National Economy
,
1775â1815
(New York, Evanston, London: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1962), p. 57.
The Emergence of a National Economy
,
1775â1815
(New York, Evanston, London: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1962), p. 57.
36. “Richard Harrison”:
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 115.
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 115.
36. “âIt is not [in] their Interest'”: Ibid.
36. “In 1782 Livingston”: Ibid., p. 58.
37. “He warned that”:
Works of John Adams,
vol. 8, pp. 374â6.
Works of John Adams,
vol. 8, pp. 374â6.
37. “The shipyards had”: Nettles, p. 50.
38. “France and Britain”: Gordon C. Bjork,
Stagnation and Growth in the American Economy 1784â1792
(New York, London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985), p. 167.
Stagnation and Growth in the American Economy 1784â1792
(New York, London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985), p. 167.
38. “More than 50,000 slaves”: Schachner, p. 217.
38. “Rice exports told”: Nettles, pp. 46â50.
38. “Adams ambitiously proposed”: Ibid., p. 66.
38. “Jefferson estimated British”: Ibid., p. 63.
38. “The French, however, lacked”: Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Oxford History of the American People,
3 vols. (New York: New American Library, 1972), vol. 1, p. 369.
The Oxford History of the American People,
3 vols. (New York: New American Library, 1972), vol. 1, p. 369.
39. “American tobacco, flour”: Ibid., p. 370.
39. “The
Empress of China
”: Gorton Carruth,
What Happened When: A Chronology of Life & Events in America
(New York: Signet, 1991), p. 151.
Empress of China
”: Gorton Carruth,
What Happened When: A Chronology of Life & Events in America
(New York: Signet, 1991), p. 151.
40. “The novelty wore off”: Boyd, vol. 9, p. 358.
41. “the 47th Surah”: T. B. Irving, trans.,
The Qurâan
(Brattleboro, Vt.: Amana Books, 1986), pp. 288-9.
The Qurâan
(Brattleboro, Vt.: Amana Books, 1986), pp. 288-9.
41. “By first extending”: Haleem, pp. 61â3.
41. “Jefferson gloomily estimated”: Boyd, vol. 9, p. 500.
41. “which meant going”: Ibid., pp. 357-9.
42. “Adams observed that”:
Works of John Adams,
vol. 8, pp. 406â7.
Works of John Adams,
vol. 8, pp. 406â7.
43. “Adams was certain”: Ibid.
43. “Jefferson replied with”: Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 123-5.
45. “Adams conceded there”:
Works of John Adams,
vol. 8, pp. 410â2.
Works of John Adams,
vol. 8, pp. 410â2.
46. “The Confederation Congressâs”: Morison, vol. 1, p. 363.
46. “âIt seems almost Nugatory'”: Dorothy Twohig, ed.,
The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series
, 6 vols. (Charlottesville, Va., and London: University Press of Virginia, 1997), vol. 5, pp. 106â7.
The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series
, 6 vols. (Charlottesville, Va., and London: University Press of Virginia, 1997), vol. 5, pp. 106â7.
46. “âI should not be angry'”:
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, pp. 967â8.
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, pp. 967â8.
47. “âIf we act properly'”: Ibid., p. 863.
47. “âWe ought to begin'”: Boyd, vol. 7, p. 511.
47. “âThese pyrates are contemptibly'”: Boyd, vol. 2, pp. 542â3.
48. “Morocco's seizure of”: Whipple, p. 25.
48. “âIt is not surprising'”:
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 520.
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 520.
49. “he impulsively displayed”: Ibid., p. 503.
49. “âto show them'”: Tucker, p. 65.
49. “The envoy and”:
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 841.
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 841.
49. “John Lamb, a Norwich”: Ibid.
49. “Lamb passed along”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 374â5.
49. “Richard OâBrien, master”:
Naval Documents
, vol. 1, p. 6.
Naval Documents
, vol. 1, p. 6.
50. “âIf there were”':
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 178.
Emerging Nation,
vol. 2, p. 178.
50. “Lord Sheffield expanded”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 373â4.
50. “Jefferson appealed to”: Ibid., p. 431.
51. “Jefferson raised the sum”: Whipple, pp. 26â7.
51. “But Hamilton's actions so”: Schachner, pp. 182â4.
52. “In his secret idealistic”: Thomas Jefferson,
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson
(New York: Capricorn Books, 1959), pp. 77-9; Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 560â2.
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson
(New York: Capricorn Books, 1959), pp. 77-9; Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 560â2.
53. “Jefferson was subtler”:
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson,
p. 78.
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson,
p. 78.
53. “Lafayette first presented”: Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 562-3.
54. “âThere is betwen'”: Gottschalk, ed.,
Letters of Lafayette to Washington, 1777â1799
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976), p. 315.
Letters of Lafayette to Washington, 1777â1799
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976), p. 315.
54. “In 1787 Virginia”: Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 564â5.
54. “Congress âdeclined an engagement'”:
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson,
p. 79.
Chapter IV: “A Good Occasion to Build a Navy”Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson,
p. 79.
55. “Nearly four million”: Nettles, p. 77.
56. “Revolutionary War debt”: Ibid.
56. “Trade continued to lag”: Ibid., p. 396.
57. “The occasion was”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 423â4.
57. “Besides being at war”: Ibid., p. 428.
58. “Spain's peace had cost”: Ibid., p. 426.
58. “they boiled down to”: Ibid., p. 431.
58. “âFor this, we”': Foley, p. 83.
58. “âto repel force'”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 410â3.
58. “a Senate resolution”: Ibid.
59. “His âProposal to Use Force”': Ibid., p. 416.
60. “Logie, the London”: Ibid., pp. 374â5; Tucker, p. 72.
61. “âMoney is the God'”:
Naval Documents
, vol. 1, p. 3.
Naval Documents
, vol. 1, p. 3.
61. “When the Americans complained”: John Foss,
Journal of the Captivity and Sufferings of John Foss, Several Years a Prisoner of Algiers
(Newburyport, Maine: A. March, Middle-Street, 1798), pp. 1â12.
Journal of the Captivity and Sufferings of John Foss, Several Years a Prisoner of Algiers
(Newburyport, Maine: A. March, Middle-Street, 1798), pp. 1â12.
62. “âAll my hopes'”: Ibid., p. 57.
63. “Yellow fever had cut”: McCullough, p. 446.
63. “âEveryone is getting'”: Ford, vol. 9, pp. 236â7.
63. “Philadelphia's sultry summers”: McCullough, p. 446.
64. “âAs we passed”': Foss, p. 14.
64. “The prisoners used gunpowder”: Ibid., p. 20.
65. “âevery article that'”: Ibid., p. 29.
65. “Sherief was the worst”: Ibid., pp. 20â1.
66. “The captives were required”: Ibid., pp. 31â3.
66. “The Algerians' âtenderest mercies'”: Ibid., Frontispiece.
66. “Fourteen slaves caught”: Ibid., p. 25.
67. “Turks who committed”: Ibid.
67. “the Merchant Marine Act”: Tucker, p. 79.
67. “While U.S. ports”: Carruth, p. 169.
68. “The navy debate began”:
Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session
(Library of Congress), pp. 438â9.
Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session
(Library of Congress), pp. 438â9.
69. “Benjamin Goodhue”: Ibid., p. 441.
69. “Fisher Ames”: Kenneth J. Hagan,
This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power
(New York: The Free Press, 1991), p. 30.
This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power
(New York: The Free Press, 1991), p. 30.
69. “Britain, said John Nicholas”:
Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session
, p. 439.
Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session
, p. 439.
70. “Madison asserted that”: Hagan, p. 31.
70. “British interference was not”:
Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session,
pp. 440â1.
Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session,
pp. 440â1.
70. “The House passed”: Fowler, p. 20.
71. “The ships, Knox concluded”: Tucker, pp. 79â81.
71. “Given the job”: Allen, p. 50.
71. “Since the United States”: Allen, p. 51; Fowler, p. 18; Tucker, pp. 81-2; Whipple, p. 44.
71. “Humphreys rhapsodized to”: Tucker, p. 87.
72. “the Continental Navy had”: Barbara W. Tuchman,
The First Salute
(New York: 1988), pp. 47â8.
The First Salute
(New York: 1988), pp. 47â8.
72. “The cobbled-together fleet”: Whipple, p. 293.
72. “The last Continental warship”: Fowler, p. 8.
72. “Knox parceled out”: Hagan, p. 34.
72. “Then Knox also made”: Hagan, pp. 32-3.
72. “Finally, he had insisted”: Fowler, pp. 24-5.
73. “The
Constitution,
âOld Ironsides'”: Tucker, pp. 82-7.
Constitution,
âOld Ironsides'”: Tucker, pp. 82-7.
73. “The unlucky
Chesapeake”:
David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler, ed.,
Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
(Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 1997), p. 296.
Chesapeake”:
David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler, ed.,
Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
(Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 1997), p. 296.
73. “Not able to afford”: Hagan, p. 34.
74. “The carronade was”: Tucker, p. 84.
74. “Copper bottoms repelled”: Ibid., p. 33.
74. “The British Royal Navy”: William N. Fowler, Jr.,
Rebels Under Sail: The American Navy During the Revolution
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976), pp. 253â4.
Rebels Under Sail: The American Navy During the Revolution
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976), pp. 253â4.
74. “The 44-gun super frigates”: Fowler,
Jack Tars,
pp. 127â30.
Jack Tars,
pp. 127â30.
74. “Each day, they stood”: Ibid., pp. 133â6.
75. “Quitting watch before relief”:
Naval Documents,
vol. 1, pp. 482â3.
Naval Documents,
vol. 1, pp. 482â3.
75. “David Humphreys and Joel Barlow”: Tucker, 91-4.
75. “The dey opened”: Michael L. S. Kitzen,
Tripoli and the United States at War: A History of American Relations with the Barbary States
,
1785-1805
(Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland & Company Inc., 1993), p. 19; Tucker, p. 91.
Tripoli and the United States at War: A History of American Relations with the Barbary States
,
1785-1805
(Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland & Company Inc., 1993), p. 19; Tucker, p. 91.
76. “The
Fortune
was”: Foss, p. 66.
Fortune
was”: Foss, p. 66.
76. “the British replied”: Kitzen, pp. 21â2.
76. “On top of everything”: Allen, p. 53.
77. “A Spanish privateer”: Foss, pp. 66â70.
Chapter V: “Will Nothing Rouse My Country?”78. “The Senate ratified”: Hagan, pp. 36â7.
78. “Another reason for”: Robert J. Allison,
The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World
,
1776â1815
(New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 23.
The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World
,
1776â1815
(New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 23.
79. “Knowing that the Republicans”: Hagan, p. 37.
80. “In just one year”: Ibid., p. 30.
80. “A naval powerâ”: Ibid., pp. 38â9.
80. “The French envoys”: Carruth, p. 172.
81. “Pinckney's forceful reply”: Hagan, p. 40.
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