Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business (46 page)
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Authors: Ronald Weitzer
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12
. Interview with Klein Beekman, director of the Association of Operators of Relaxation Businesses (VER), Amsterdam, March 24, 1997.
13
. Van Doorninck, “A Business like Any Other?”
p. 196
.
14
. Wim Huisman and Hans Nelen, “Gotham Unbound Dutch Style: The Administrative Approach to Organized Crime in Amsterdam,”
Crime, Law, and Social Change
48 (2007): 87–103; Brants, “Fine Art of Regulated Tolerance.”
15
. Brants, “Fine Art of Regulated Tolerance.”
16
. Edgar Danter, “Green Light at Last for Dutch Red Light Districts,” Deutsche PresseAgentur, February 6, 1999, N = 2,600.
17
. World Values Survey, conducted in 1990 and 2005,
http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSAnalizeQuestion.jsp
.
18
. Joyce Outshoorn, “Pragmatism in the Polder: Changing Prostitution Policy in the Netherlands,”
Journal of Contemporary European Studies
12 (2004): 165–176.
19
. Minister of Justice, quoted in Joyce Outshoorn, “Voluntary and Forced Prostitution: The ‘Realistic Approach’ of the Netherlands,” in Joyce Outshoorn, ed.,
The Politics of Prostitution
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004,
p. 185
.
20
. Jan Visser, “Prostitution Policy under Construction,” unpublished report, Amsterdam, 2008.
21
. Sander Flight, Paul Hulshof, Paul van Soomeren, and Peter Soorsma,
Evaluating Lifting the Ban on Brothels: Municipal Policy
, English summary of report by DSP Groep for Ministry of Justice, WODC, 2006,
p. 5
.
22
. Norwegian Ministry of Justice,
Purchasing Sexual Services in Sweden and the Netherlands: Legal Regulation and Experiences
, report by Working Group, October 2004,
p. 30
.
23
. Paul van Soomeren and Sander Flight, “Design against Kerb-Crawing: Tippelzones,” paper presented at the International Crime Prevention through Environmental Design conference, Brisbane, Australia, 2004.
24
. Ibid.
25
. Ibid.
26
. Hendrik Wagenaar and Sietske Altink, “To Toe the Line: Streetwalking as Contested Space,” in David Canter, Maria Ioannou, and Donna Youngs, eds.,
Safer Sex in the City: The Experience and Management of Street Prostitution
, Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009.
27
. Van Soomeren and Flight, “Design against Kerb-Crawing,”
p. 12
.
28
. Anton van Wijk,
Vulnerable Job: An Investigation into the Prostitution Industry in Amsterdam
, Amsterdam: Beke, 2010.
29
. Figures are for 2005, cited in Dina Siegel, “Human Trafficking and Legalized Prostitution in the Netherlands,”
Temida
(2009): 5–16.
30
. Van Wijk,
Vulnerable Job
.
31
. In the 1970s, the majority of foreign prostitutes in the country were from Thailand and the Philippines, whereas in the 1980s, the majority of foreigners came from Latin America. Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
FAQ about Dutch Prostitution
, Netherlands, 2005,
p. 5
.
32
. Flight et al.,
Evaluating Lifting the Ban
,
p. 4
.
34
. Hendrik Wagenaar, “Democracy and Prostitution: Deliberating the Legalization of Brothels in the Netherlands,”
Administration and Society
28 (2006): 198–235.
37
. Interview with Sietske Altink, Amsterdam, March 24, 1997.
38
. A. L. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands since the Lifting of the Brothel Ban
, The Hague: WODC/Ministry of Justice, 2007,
p. 74
.
40
. Flight et al.,
Evaluating Lifting the Ban
,
p. 4
. The 2009 figure is an extrapolation from the rate of decline in 2000–2006, provided to me by Sander Flight.
41
. Based on interview with Andre van Dorst, former director of the Association of Operators of Relaxation Businesses (VER), Amsterdam, May 4, 2009.
42
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Fifth Report of the Dutch National Rapporteur
, The Hague: Bureau, 2007,
p. 83
.
43
. Ministry of Justice, “Full Licensing Required for Prostitution Services,” press release, May 20, 2008.
44
. Interview with Ministry of Justice official, Amsterdam, May 11, 2009.
45
. Regioplan, summary of report,
An Evaluation of the Lifting of the Brothel Ban: The Social Position of Prostitutes
, Amsterdam: Regioplan Beleidsonderzoek, 2006,
p. 8
.
46
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Fifth Report
,
p. 80
.
47
. Perro de Jong, “Netherlands to Crack Down on Clients of Illegal Prostitutes,”
Radio Netherlands Worldwide
, November 9, 2009.
48
. Interview with Andre van Dorst, Amsterdam, March 15, 2011.
49
. Interview with Hugo Persant Snoep, brothel owner, Amsterdam, June 13, 2008.
50
. Interview with van Dorst, March 15, 2011.
51
. Interview with Esther Meppelink, director of VER, Amsterdam, March 15, 2011.
52
. Interview with window owner, Amsterdam, March 17, 2011.
53
. Regioplan, summary of report,
pp. 5
–6.
54
. Interview with Snoep.
55
. Regioplan, summary of report; Andre van Dorst, the former director of VER, told me that 97 percent of licensed brothel and escort workers were paying tax as of 2009 (interview, March 15, 2011).
57
. Interview with Snoep.
58
. Penny Crofts, “Sex in the Dark: The Brothels Legislation Amendment Act 2007 (NSW),”
Current Issues in Criminal Justice
19 (2007): 183–196.
59
. Elaine Mossman, “Brothel Operators’ and Support Agencies’ Experiences of Decriminalization,” in Gillian Abel, Lisa Fitzgerald, and Catherine Healy, eds.,
Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work: New Zealand Sex Workers’ Fight for Decriminalization
, Bristol, UK: Policy, 2010,
p. 131
.
60
. Labor Party city councilor Frank de Wolf, quoted in Molly Moore, “Changing Patterns in Social Fabric Test Netherlands’ Liberal Identity,”
Washington Post
, June 23, 2007.
61
. “Majority of Amsterdam Locals Support New Approach to Red Light District,”
DutchAmsterdam.nl
, December 24, 2007, originally published in
Het Parool
.
62
. The Van Traa Commission, cited in Huisman and Nelen, “Gotham Unbound Dutch Style.”
63
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
.
65
. “Alkmaar Brothels to Remain Open,”
DutchNews.nl
, November 12, 2009.
66
. Huisman and Nelen, “Gotham Unbound Dutch Style,”
p. 101
.
67
. Frank Bovenkerk,
Loverboys of Modern Pooierschap
, Amsterdam: Augustus, 2006.
68
. Asscher, quoted in Catherine Hornby, “Stricter Brothel Rules?” Reuters, January 19, 2010.
69
. Ibid.
70
. Cohen, quoted in Marlise Simons, “Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light Area,”
New York Times
, February 24, 2008.
71
. Cohen, quoted in David Charter, “Half of Amsterdam’s Red-Light Windows Close,”
Times
(UK), December 27, 2008.
72
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor, Amsterdam Sociaal, 2010. The survey was administered over six days in February 2010 by female interviewers who went door to door in the large RLD in the Wallen (not the two smaller RLDs in Amsterdam), either interviewing workers on-site or leaving a questionnaire that was later retrieved by the research team. The questionnaire was distributed to all occupants present at the times the survey was fielded, but participation was voluntary, making it impossible to determine how representative it was. Moreover, the questionnaire was in Dutch and English, which may have limited participation among those with rudimentary proficiency in these languages. The results therefore reflect an unknown degree of selection bias, but the sample did include a significant proportion of the window population. I thank Bas Merkx and Laurens Buijs for providing me with the survey instrument and data.
73
. “Luxury Amsterdam Sex Club Closed for Good,”
Radio Netherlands Worldwide
, July 8, 2009.
74
. Interview with Ministry of Justice official, Amsterdam, June 27, 2008.
75
. Cyrille Fijnaut, Frank Bovenkerk, Gerben Bruinsma, and Henk van der Bunt,
Organized Crime in the Netherlands
, The Hague: Kluwer, 1998,
pp. 102
–105. The authors report that eastern Europeans transported women into the Netherlands; some of these individuals ran elaborate operations, while others were involved in networks consisting of a few people.
76
. Mariska Majoor, quoted in “Amsterdam Closes a Window on Its Red-Light Tourist Trade,”
Guardian
(UK), September 23, 2007.
77
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 84
.
78
. Transcrime,
Study on National Legislation on Prostitution and the Trafficking in Women and Children
, report to the European Parliament, 2005,
p. 121
.
79
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Seventh Report of the Dutch National Rapporteur
, The Hague: Bureau, 2010, p. 576.
80
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
.
81
. Norwegian Ministry of Justice,
Purchasing Sexual Services
,
p. 31
.
82
. Interview with Snoep; interview with van Dorst, May 4, 2009.
83
. Interview with Snoep.
84
. “Dutch Justice Ministry Unable to Help Sex Industry,”
Radio Netherlands
(online), August 4, 2009.
85
. Alderman Lodewijk Asscher, as reported in
Het Parool
, February 19, 2009.
86
. Regioplan, summary of report,
p. 7
.
87
. Interview with window owner, Amsterdam, May 28, 1998.
88
. Interview with window owner, Amsterdam, June 9, 2008.
89
. Interview with window owner, Amsterdam, March 17, 2011.
90
. Interview with van Dorst, May 4, 2009.
91
. Interview with official in window owners’ association, Amsterdam, June 11, 2008.
92
. Quoted in “Amsterdam’s Red Lights: About to Go Out?”
Radio Netherlands Worldwide
, January 21, 2008.
93
. Interview with two Amsterdam city officials responsible for prostitution, Amsterdam, May 10, 2010.
94
. Interview with Green Party city councilor, Amsterdam, May 9, 2010.
95
. Interview with two Amsterdam city officials responsible for prostitution.
96
. Interview with Ministry of Justice official, Amsterdam, June 27, 2008.
97
. Interview with Ministry of Justice official, Amsterdam, May 11, 2009.
98
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
.
99
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Sixth Report of the Dutch National Rapporteur
, Supplementary Figures, The Hague: Bureau, 2008,
p. 4
.
100
. Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings,
Trafficking in Human Beings: Third Report of the Dutch National Rapporteur
, The Hague: Bureau, 2005,
pp. 94
–95.
101
. Norwegian Ministry of Justice,
Purchasing Sexual Services
,
p. 31
.
102
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
,
p. 80
.
103
. “Alkmaar Brothels to Remain Open.”
104
. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands
.
106
. De Amsterdamse Prostitutie Monitor.
107
. Interview with head police official responsible for prostitution control in Amsterdam, Amsterdam, June 26, 2008.
108
. Ibid.
109
. Prostitution and Health Center 292 brochure.
110
. Interview with director of Prostitution and Health Center 292, Amsterdam, May 10, 2010.
111
. Email from director of Prostitution and Health Center 292, May 20, 2010.
112
. Interview with two Amsterdam city government officials.
113
. Interview with Toos Heemskerk, director of Scharlaken Koord, Amsterdam, March 17, 2011.
114
. Posting on
www.worldsexguide.org
, May 26, 1997.
115
. Posting on
www.worldsexguide.org
, 1994.
116
. Posting on
www.worldsexguide.org
, December 31, 1995.
117
. Club Elegance was recently closed by the authorities, because the owner could not demonstrate that all of his income came from legal activities.
118
. Mayfair’s website:
www.themayfair.nl
.
119
. Ria’s website:
www.riasmensclub.nl
.