Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business (41 page)
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Authors: Ronald Weitzer
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42
. This a claim frequently made by oppression writers, for example, Melissa Farley, “Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries,”
Journal of Trauma Practice
2 (2003): 33–74. She insists that “psychological violence” is pervasive in all indoor sex work settings, including strip clubs.
43
. Juline Koken, David Bimbi, and Jeffrey Parsons, “Male and Female Escorts: A Comparative Analysis,” in Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale
, 2nd ed.
45
. Martin Monto, “Prostitutes’ Customers: Motives and Misconceptions,” in Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale
, 2nd ed.
46
. Katherine Frank,
G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire
, Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.
47
. Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
; Bernstein
Temporarily Yours
; Teela Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure: Men Who Buy Sex
, Portland, OR: Willan, 2008; Lucas, “Work of Sex Work.”
48
. Neil McKeganey and Marina Barnard,
Sex Work on the Streets
, Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, 1996,
pp. 86
–88.
49
. Lever and Dolnick, “Call Girls and Street Prostitutes”; Woodward et al.,
Selling Sex in Queensland
.
50
. Lever and Dolnick, “Call Girls and Street Prostitutes.”
51
. Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
,
p. 94
.
52
. Charrlotte Seib, Michael Dunne, Jane Fischer, and Jackob Najman, “Commercial Sexual Practices before and after Legalization in Australia,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
39 (2010): 979–989. Almost all of the brothel and private providers had engaged in massage with clients.
53
. Sarah Earle and Keith Sharp,
Sex in Cyberspace: Men Who Pay for Sex
, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007,
p. 77
.
54
. Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
,
p. 52
. See also Teela Sanders,
Sex Work
, Portland, OR: Willan, 2005.
55
. Prince, “Psychological Study of Prostitutes,” p. 490.
56
. Lucas, “Work of Sex Work,” p. 531.
57
. Seib et al., “Commercial Sexual Practices.”
58
. Christine Milrod, “The Internet Hobbyist: Demographics and Sexual Behaviors of Male Clients of Internet Sexual Service Providers,” Ph.D. diss., Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, San Francisco, 2010,
p. 114
.
59
. See, for instance, Andrew Jacobs, “Call Girls, Updated,”
New York Times
, October 12, 2004.
60
. See, for instance, Voon Chin Phua, “The Love That Binds: Transnational Relationships in Sex Work,”
Sexuality and Culture
13 (2009): 91–110.
61
. Koken et al., “Male and Female Escorts”; Michael Smith, Christian Grov, and David Seal, “Agency Based Male Sex Work,”
Journal of Men’s Studies
16 (2008): 193–210; Mark Padilla,
Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
62
. Bernstein,
Temporarily Yours
,
pp. 69
,
120
.
63
. Gail Hershatter,
Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999,
p. 37
.
65
. Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
,
p. 11
.
66
. Tammy Castle and Jenifer Lee, “Ordering Sex in Cyberspace: A Content Analysis of Escort Websites,”
International Journal of Cultural Studies
11 (2008): 108–121.
67
. Thomas Holt and Kristie Blevins, “Examining Sex Work from the Clients’ Perspective,”
Deviant Behavior
28 (2007): 333–354; CNBC, “Dirty Money.”
68
. Earle and Sharp,
Sex in Cyberspace
.
69
. Milrod, “Internet Hobbyist,”
p. 112
.
70
. Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure
,
p. 93
.
72
. Lucas, “Work of Sex Work,” p. 531.
73
. Quoted in Diane Suchetka and Jim Nichols, “Sex for Sale: The Men Who Buy It,”
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, March 21, 2008.
74
.
Dexter
, season 3, Showtime, 2008.
75
. Johngaltnh, posting on
theeroticreview.com
, September 2009.
76
. Earle and Sharp,
Sex in Cyberspace
.
77
. Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
, p. 314.
78
. Perkins and Lovejoy,
Call Girls
,
p. 107
.
79
. Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure
,
pp. 60
,
98
.
81
. Nearly two-thirds of the customers interviewed in one study felt guilty for cheating on their regular sex partners. Perkins and Lovejoy,
Call Girls
,
p. 107
.
82
. Earle and Sharp,
Sex in Cyberspace
; Bernstein,
Temporarily Yours
,
pp. 131
–133.
83
. Sanders,
Paying for Pleasure
,
p. 104
.
84
. Julia O’Connell Davidson, “The Anatomy of ‘Free Choice’ Prostitution,”
Gender, Work, and Organization
2 (1995): 1–10, at
p. 4
. See also Sanders,
Sex Work
.
86
. Anonymous,
Secret Diary
,
p. 231
.
87
. Perkins and Lovejoy (
Call Girls
,
p. 107
) found that half of the brothel workers and two-fifths of the calls girls in their study had problems with obsessive clients.
88
.
Honeymooning
is the term used by street workers in the HBO documentary “Downtown Girls: The Hookers of Honolulu,” 2005.
89
. Stein,
Lovers, Friends, Slaves
,
p. 23
.
90
. Ibid.
91
. Perkins and Lovejoy,
Call Girls
,
p. 112
.
92
. Anonymous,
Secret Diary
,
p. 150
.
93
. Quoted in Mike Celizic, “Former Call Girl Opens Up about the Industry,”
MSNBC.msn.com
, March 12, 2008.
94
. Quoted in Perkins and Lovejoy,
Call Girls
,
p. 63
.
95
. Quoted in Perez-y-Perez, “Discipline, Autonomy, and Ambiguity,”
p. 204
.
96
. Bernstein,
Temporarily Yours
,
p. 103
.
97
. Perkins and Lovejoy,
Call Girls
,
p. 110
; cf. Perez-y-Perez, “Discipline, Autonomy, and Ambiguity,”
p. 195
.
98
. Brennan,
What’s Love Got to Do with It?
p. 24
.
99
. Steinfatt,
Working at the Bar
,
pp. 177
,
254
–255.
100
. Ibid. See also Kempadoo, ed.,
Sun, Sex, and Gold
; Eric Ratliff, “Women as ‘Sex Workers,’ Men as ‘Boyfriends’: Shifting Identities in Philippine Go-Go Bars and Their Significance in STD/AIDS Control,”
Anthropology and Medicine
6 (1999): 79–101; Lin Lean Lim,
The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia
, Geneva: International Labor Office, 1998.
101
. The 1995 survey was conducted by Dieter Kleiber and Martin Wilke, cited in Martin Oppermann, “Introduction,” in Martin Oppermann, ed.,
Sex Tourism and Prostitution
, Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication, 1998.
103
. Padilla,
Caribbean Pleasure Industry
; see also Phua, “Love That Binds.”
104
. Erik Cohen, “Lovelorn Farangs: The Correspondence between Foreign Men and Thai Girls,”
Anthropological Quarterly
59 (1986): 115–127; Brennan,
What’s Love Got to Do with It?
; Kempadoo, ed.,
Sun, Sex, and Gold
.
105
. Trotter,
Sugar Girls and Seamen
.
107
. Ara Wilson,
The Intimate Economies of Bangkok
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004,
pp. 89
,
90
.
108
. Hoefinger, “Professional Girlfriends”; Saundra Sturdevant and Brenda Stoltzfus,
Let the Good Times Roll: Prostitution and the U.S. Military in Asia
, New York: New Press, 1993; Katherine Moon,
Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations
, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
109
. Steinfatt,
Working at the Bar
,
pp. 251
, 309.
110
. Wilson,
Intimate Economies of Bangkok
,
p. 95
.
111
. Hoefinger, “Professional Girlfriends,”
pp. 43
,
46
.
112
. Deborah Pruitt and Suzanne LaFont, “For Love and Money: Romance Tourism in Jamaica,”
Annals of Tourism Research
22 (1995): 422–440, at p. 427.
113
. Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor, “Female Sex Tourism: A Contradiction in Terms?”
Feminist Review
83 (2006): 43–59, at
pp. 49
–50.
114
. Edward Herold, Rafael Garcia, and Tony DeMoya, “Female Tourists and Beach Boys: Romance or Sex Tourism?”
Annals of Tourism Research
28 (2001): 978–997, at p. 982.
115
. Phua, “Love That Binds”; Padilla,
Caribbean Pleasure Industry
; Cohen, “Lovelorn Farangs.”
116
. Susan Frohlick, “‘I’m More Sexy Here’: Erotic Subjectivities of Female Tourists in the ‘Sexual Paradise’ of the Costa Rican Caribbean,” in Tanu Priya Uteng and Tim Cresswell, eds.,
Gendered Mobilities
, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008.
117
. Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor, “Dollars Are a Girl’s Best Friend: Female Tourists’ Sexual Behavior in the Caribbean,”
Sociology
34 (2001): 749–764, at p. 755.
118
. Pruitt and LaFont, “For Love and Money.”
119
. Taylor, “Dollars Are a Girl’s Best Friend.”
120
. Joan Phillips, “Tourist-Oriented Prostitution in Barbados: The Case of the Beach Boy and the White Female Tourist,” in Kempadoo, ed.,
Sun, Sex, and Gold
,
p. 191
.
121
. Frohlick, “I’m More Sexy Here.”
122
. Akiko Takeyama, “Commodified Romance in a Tokyo Host Club,” in Mark McLelland and Romit Dasgupta, eds.,
Genders, Transgenders, and Sexualities in Japan
, New York: Routledge, 2005,
pp. 203
–204.
124
.
The Great Happiness Space
, DVD, Jake Clennell Productions, 2006.
125
. Such research could further investigate the circumstances under which women become clients, power relations between female clients and male providers, objectification of male sex workers, and the balance between romance and prostitution.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
1
. John Dombrink and Daniel Hillyard,
Sin No More
, New York: NYU Press, 2007, chap.1.
2
. In a 2010 poll, 81 percent agreed that doctors “should be allowed to prescribe marijuana for medical purposes to treat their patients.” The vast majority of both Democrats (85 percent) and Republicans (72 percent) subscribed to this view. ABC News/
Washington Post
poll, January 12–15, 2010, N = 1,083 adults. In 2002, 80 percent supported allowing adults to “legally use marijuana for medical purposes.”
Time
/CNN poll, October 2002, N = 1,007.
3
. Similar initiatives have been rejected in the past by voters in other states. In Nevada, a 2002 ballot initiative allowing possession of up to three ounces mustered 39 percent approval, and a 2006 measure allowing one ounce registered 44 percent approval.
4
. Roger Parloff, “How Pot Became Legal,”
Fortune
, September 28, 2009,
pp. 140
–162. See also Karl Vick, “In California, Medical Marijuana Laws Are Moving Pot into the Mainstream,”
Washington Post
, April 12, 2009.
5
. Gallup polls reported in Lydia Saad, “U.S. Support for Legalizing Marijuana Reaches New High,”
Gallup.com
, October 19, 2009,
www.gallup.com/poll/123728/U.S.-Support-Legalizing-Marijuana-Reaches-New-High.aspx
.
6
. In an Angus Reid poll, 53 percent supported the legalization of marijuana (compared to only 8 percent who favored legalizing ecstasy and powder cocaine, 6 percent heroin and meth, and 5 percent crack cocaine), reported in Angus Reid press release, December 9, 2009, poll conducted December 3–4, 2009, N = 1,004. In a Zogby poll, 52 percent agreed that the government should legalize marijuana by “taxing and regulating it,” reported in the
Huffington Post
, May 6, 2009 (N = 3,937 registered voters). A 2006 Zogby poll found that 46 percent of Americans supported changing federal law to allow “states to legally regulate and tax marijuana the way they do liquor and gambling” (N = 1,004).
7
. Lynn Comella, “Remaking the Sex Industry: The Adult Expo as a Microcosm,” in Ronald Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry
, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge, 2010; Barbara Brents and Teela Sanders, “Mainstreaming the Sex Industry,”
Journal of Law and Society
37 (2010): 40–60.