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248.37-38 beyond the sound of Bow bells.] See note 94.35.
250.31-32 “gentlemen of the fancy;”] Those who fancy a particular sport or amusement, especially boxing.
253.4 beef eaters] Here referring to soldiers.
254.16-17 obstreperous conduct of one of his sons] Perhaps an allusion to “Orator Hunt,” a popular agitator of the time who always managed to keep himself out of trouble.
254.42 Tom, an officer] Tommy Atkins, the nickname given to British soldiers. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, many British officers were on half pay.
255.10-11 he is mortgaged over head and ears] The national debt had grown from a hundred and thirty million pounds before the American Revolution to seven hundred million after the Napoleonic Wars.
255.32 pockets ... empty] From 1797 to 1821 Bank of England notes were not redeemable in gold.
THE PRIDE OF THE VILLAGE257.3-9 May no wolfe howle.... HERRICK] Stanza 12 of “The Dirge of Jephthah's Daughter.” See note 110.38.
258.24 flower of the field] Ps. 103:15; Isa. 40:6.
258.25-26 Rachel, “mourning ... comforted.”] See Jer. 31:15 and Matt. 2:18.
259.3-6 “This is the prettiest ... place.”]
The Winter's Tale,
IV, iv.
The Winter's Tale,
IV, iv.
262.19 the silver cord] Eccles. 12:6.
THE ANGLER264.2-10 This day dame Nature.... SIR H. WOTTON] Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639), ambassador, poet, provost of Eton College. His works are collected under the title
Reliquiae Wottonianae.
These lines are from a poem quoted by Izaak Walton in
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, chap. 1. See note 172.22-23.
Reliquiae Wottonianae.
These lines are from a poem quoted by Izaak Walton in
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, chap. 1. See note 172.22-23.
264.16-17 Izaak Walton ... “Complete Angler”] See note 172.22-23.
264.31 La Mancha ... Sierra Morena]
Don Quixote,
pt. 1, bk. 3, chap. 9.
Don Quixote,
pt. 1, bk. 3, chap. 9.
265.40-41 “good honest, wholesome, hungry” repast]
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, chap. 4.
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, chap. 4.
266.1-2 Izaak Walton's scene with the milkmaid]
The Compleat Angler,
in pt. 1, chap. 2.
The Compleat Angler,
in pt. 1, chap. 2.
266.26 “brothers of the angle,”] A reiterated phrase in
The Compleat Angler.
The Compleat Angler.
266.27 “mild, sweet and peaceable spirit”]
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, chap. 1.
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, chap. 1.
266.28-29 “Tretyse of fishing with the Angle,”]
A Treatyse of Fysshynge wythan Angle,
by Dame Juliana Berners (about whom nothing is known), was the first English book on fishing. It was printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1496. This quotation is from the next-to-last page, and is followed by the passage quoted in Irving's note.
A Treatyse of Fysshynge wythan Angle,
by Dame Juliana Berners (about whom nothing is known), was the first English book on fishing. It was printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1496. This quotation is from the next-to-last page, and is followed by the passage quoted in Irving's note.
267.14 instructions of the sage Piscator to his scholar] In
The Compleat Angler.
The Compleat Angler.
267.33 battle of Camperdown] On October 11, 1797, Admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet off Camperdown on the Dutch coast.
267.38 the “noble art of angling.”] Irving is presumably quoting again from Walton.
268.33-39 “When I would ... him”]
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, end of chap. 21.
The Compleat Angler,
pt. 1, end of chap. 21.
269.1-14 Let me live ... daffodil. ] The opening lines of a poem quoted in The
Compleat
Angler, pt. 1, chap. 1. The book from which the quotation comes was published in 1613 and was written by John Dennys (d. 1609), not J. Davors.
Compleat
Angler, pt. 1, chap. 1. The book from which the quotation comes was published in 1613 and was written by John Dennys (d. 1609), not J. Davors.
269.30-31 naval ballads, such as Admiral Hosier's Ghost] Richard Glover (1712-1785) wrote this ballad. It is printed in Percy's
Reliques,
vol. 2, bk. 3, song 25.
Reliques,
vol. 2, bk. 3, song 25.
269.31 All in the Downs] Better known as “Sweet William's Farewell to Black-eyed Susan,” by John Gay (1685-1732).
269.31 Tom Bowling] A song by Charles Dibdin (1745-1814), playwright and songwriter. It is based on Lieutenant Tom Bowling, Roderick's uncle in Tobias Smollett's
Roderick Random.
Roderick Random.
271.8 St. Peter's master] That is, Jesus.
271.9-10 “and upon all that ... go a angling.”] A similarly worded passage closes Chapter 13 of Part 1 of
The Compleat Angler.
THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOWThe Compleat Angler.
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” has literary antecedents transmuted by the author's imagination. Bürger's “Der wilde Jäger” is an important literary source, while the chase and throwing of the false head are found in the Rübezahl legends of Germany.
Â
272.8 CASTLE OF INDOLENCE] By James Thomson; canto 1, stanza 6. See also note 16.7.
272.12-13 implored the protection of St. Nicholas] St. Nicholas was the protector of shipwrecked sailors, and others in hazardous trades.
273.6 Hendrick Hudson] See note 40.12.
273.14-15 the night mare, with her whole nine fold] See
King Lear,
III, iv.
King Lear,
III, iv.
275.5-6 “spare the rod and spoil the child.”] Samuel Butler's
Hudibras
(1663-1678), bk. 2, canto 1, line 844. See Prov. 13:24, “He that spareth the rod hateth his son.”
Hudibras
(1663-1678), bk. 2, canto 1, line 844. See Prov. 13:24, “He that spareth the rod hateth his son.”
276.2-3 the lion bold ... hold] In the
New England Primer
(ca. 1683) the couplet accompanying the letter L read, “The lion bold / The lamb doth hold.”
New England Primer
(ca. 1683) the couplet accompanying the letter L read, “The lion bold / The lamb doth hold.”
276.17-18 “by hook and by crook,”] The phrase apparently dates back to the fourteenth century, but its origin is unknown.
276.41 Cotton Mather's History of New England Witchcraft] Cotton Mather (1663-1728) was the most famous of the Mather dynasty of ministers. Irving's reference is probably to
Memorable Providences Relating
to Witchcrafts
and
Possessions (1689), though Mather also wrote on witchcraft in two other major works:
Magnalia
Christi
Americana,
and The Wonders of the Invisible World.
Memorable Providences Relating
to Witchcrafts
and
Possessions (1689), though Mather also wrote on witchcraft in two other major works:
Magnalia
Christi
Americana,
and The Wonders of the Invisible World.
277.21 token] Apparently a sign or warning.
277.25 “in linked sweetness ...”] “Of linked sweetness long drawn out,” Milton,
L'Allegro
, line 140.
L'Allegro
, line 140.
278.33 Saardam] A town about five miles northwest of Amsterdam; also called Zaandam.
281.37 Don Cossacks] See note 5.29.
282.3 rantipole] wild, disorderly.
282.17 supple jack] A climbing shrub with strong stems from which walking sticks are often made.
285.36 monteiro]
Montero,
a round huntsman's cap with a flap.
Montero,
a round huntsman's cap with a flap.
287.14-15 oly koek, and ... cruller] oly koek: sweetened dough fried in lard; kruller: dough twisted into various shapes, and crisply fried in lard or oil.
288.38 Whiteplains] General Howe was defeated by the Americans at White Plains, north of New York City, on October 28, 1776.
289.23 Major André] The British officer (1751-1780) who was involved in Benedict Arnold's attempt to betray West Point. Despite much popular sympathy for the personable André, he was hanged as a spy.
291.11 the very witching time of night]
Hamlet,
III, ii.
Hamlet,
III, ii.
294.23 “If I can but reach that bridge,”] Alluding to the belief that supernatural beings could not cross running water.
296.3 Ten Pound Court] That is, small claims court.
L'ENVOY298.7 CHAUCER'S
Belle Dame sansMercie
] Although formerly attributed to Chaucer,
La Belle Dame sans Mercie
is a mid-fifteenth-century translation by Sir Richard Ros of a poem by Alain Chartier.
Belle Dame sansMercie
] Although formerly attributed to Chaucer,
La Belle Dame sans Mercie
is a mid-fifteenth-century translation by Sir Richard Ros of a poem by Alain Chartier.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
The Complete Works of Washington Irving.
29 volumes. Gen. eds. Henry A. Pochmann, Herbert L.Kleinfield, Richard D. Rust. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, and Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1969-88.
GENERAL STUDIES OF IRVING'S LIFE, WORKS, TIMES29 volumes. Gen. eds. Henry A. Pochmann, Herbert L.Kleinfield, Richard D. Rust. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, and Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1969-88.
Bowden, Mary Weatherspoon.
Washington Irving
(Twayne's United States Authors Series, no. 379). Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981.
Washington Irving
(Twayne's United States Authors Series, no. 379). Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981.
Brodwin, Stanley, ed.
The Old and New World Romanticism of Washington Irving.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986.
The Old and New World Romanticism of Washington Irving.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986.
Brooks, Van Wyck.
The World of Washington Irving.
Cleveland: The World Publishing Co., 1944.
The World of Washington Irving.
Cleveland: The World Publishing Co., 1944.
Hedges, William L.
Washington Irving: An American Study, 1802-1832.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1965.
Washington Irving: An American Study, 1802-1832.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1965.
Kasson, Joy S.
Artistic Voyagers: Europe and the American Imagination in the Works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Allston, and
Cole. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,1982.
Artistic Voyagers: Europe and the American Imagination in the Works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Allston, and
Cole. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,1982.
Lynen, John F. “The Fiction in the Landscape: Irving and Cooper,” in
The Design of the Present: Essays on Time and Form in American Literature.
New Haven; Yale University Press, 1969. Pp. 153-204.
The Design of the Present: Essays on Time and Form in American Literature.
New Haven; Yale University Press, 1969. Pp. 153-204.
Myers, Andrew B., ed.
A Century of Commentary on the Works of Washington Irving.
Tarrytown, N. Y.: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976.
A Century of Commentary on the Works of Washington Irving.
Tarrytown, N. Y.: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976.
Pochmann, Henry A., ed.
Washington Irving: Representative Selections.
New York: American Book Co., 1934.
Washington Irving: Representative Selections.
New York: American Book Co., 1934.
Reichart, Walter.
Washington Irving and Germany.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957.
Washington Irving and Germany.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957.
Ringe, Donald A.
American Gothic: Imagination and Reason in Nineteenth-Century Fiction.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982. ââââ.
The Pictorial Mode: Space and Time in the Act of Bryant, Irving and Cooper.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1971.
American Gothic: Imagination and Reason in Nineteenth-Century Fiction.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1982. ââââ.
The Pictorial Mode: Space and Time in the Act of Bryant, Irving and Cooper.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1971.
Roth, Martin.
Comedy and America: The Lost World of Washington Irving.
Port Washington, N. Y.: Kennikat Press, 1976.
Comedy and America: The Lost World of Washington Irving.
Port Washington, N. Y.: Kennikat Press, 1976.
Rubin-Dorsky, Jeffrey.
Adrift in the Old World: The Pilgrimage of Washington Irving.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Adrift in the Old World: The Pilgrimage of Washington Irving.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Wagenknecht, Edward.
Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.
Washington Irving: Moderation Displayed.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.
Williams, Stanley T.
The Life of Washington Irving.
2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1935.
THE SKETCH BOOK: LITERARY HISTORY, CRITICISM, AND INTERPRETATIONThe Life of Washington Irving.
2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1935.
Bone, Robert. “Irving's Headless Hessian: Prosperity and the Inner Life.”
American Quarterly,
15 (1963), 167-75.
American Quarterly,
15 (1963), 167-75.
Clendenning, John. “Irving and the Gothic.”
Bucknell Review,
12 (1964), 90-98.
Bucknell Review,
12 (1964), 90-98.
Daigrepont, Lloyd M. “Ichabod Crane: Inglorious Man of Letters.”
Early American Literature,
19 (1984), 68-81.
Early American Literature,
19 (1984), 68-81.
Dawson, William P. “âRip Van Winkle' as Bawdy Satire: The Rascal and the Revolution.”
ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance,
27 (1981), 198-206.
ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance,
27 (1981), 198-206.
Fetterly, Judith.
“An American Dream: âRip Van Winkle,'
” in
The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. Pp. 1-11.
“An American Dream: âRip Van Winkle,'
” in
The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. Pp. 1-11.
Heiman, Marcel. “Rip Van Winkle: A Psychoanalytic Note on the Story and its Author.”
American Imago,
16 (1959), 3-47.
American Imago,
16 (1959), 3-47.
Hoffman, Daniel. “Prefigurations: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,'” in
Form and Fable in American Fiction.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1961. Pp. 83-96.
Form and Fable in American Fiction.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1961. Pp. 83-96.
Kann, David J. “âRip Van Winkle': Wheels within Wheels.”
American Imago
, 36 (1979), 178-96.
American Imago
, 36 (1979), 178-96.
Leary, Lewis. “The Two Voices of Washington Irving,” in
From Irving to Steinbeck: Studies in American Literature in Honor of Harry R. Warfel,
ed. Motley Deakin, Peter Liska. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1972. Pp. 13-26.
From Irving to Steinbeck: Studies in American Literature in Honor of Harry R. Warfel,
ed. Motley Deakin, Peter Liska. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1972. Pp. 13-26.
LeFevre, Louis. “Paul Bunyan and Rip Van Winkle.”
Yale Review,
36 (1946), 66-76.
Yale Review,
36 (1946), 66-76.
Martin, Terence. “Rip, Ichabod, and the American Imagination.”
American Literature,
31 (1959), 137-49.
American Literature,
31 (1959), 137-49.
Pajak, Edward F. “Washington Irving's Ichabod Crane: American Narcissus.”
American Imago,
38 (1981), 127-35.
American Imago,
38 (1981), 127-35.
Pattee, Fred Lewis.
The Development of the American Short Story,
ch. 1. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1923.
The Development of the American Short Story,
ch. 1. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1923.
Pochmann, Henry A. “Irving's German Sources in
The Sketch Book.” Studies in Philology,
37 (1930), 477-507.
The Sketch Book.” Studies in Philology,
37 (1930), 477-507.
Ringe, Donald A. “New York and New England: Irving's Criticism of American Society.”
American Literature,
38 (1967), 455-67.
American Literature,
38 (1967), 455-67.
Rubin-Dorsky, Jeffrey. “Washington Irving and the Genesis of the Fictional Sketch.”
Early American Literature,
21 (1986/87), 226-47.
Early American Literature,
21 (1986/87), 226-47.
Seelye, John. “Root and Branch: Washington Irving and American Humor.”
Nineteenth-Century Fiction,
38 (1984), 415-25.
Nineteenth-Century Fiction,
38 (1984), 415-25.
Shear, Walter. “Time in âRip Van Winkle' and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.' ”
Midwest Quarterly,
15 (1976), 158-72.
Midwest Quarterly,
15 (1976), 158-72.
Springer, Haskell. “Creative Contradictions in Irving,” in
Washington Irving Reconsidered: A Symposium,
ed. Ralph M. Aderman. Hartford, Conn.: Transcendental Books, 1969. Pp. 14-18.
Washington Irving Reconsidered: A Symposium,
ed. Ralph M. Aderman. Hartford, Conn.: Transcendental Books, 1969. Pp. 14-18.
Young, Philip. “Fallen from Time: The Mythic Rip Van Winkle.”
Kenyon Review,
22 (1960), 547-73.
Kenyon Review,
22 (1960), 547-73.
Zlogar, Richard J. “âAccessories that Covertly Explain': Irving's Use of Dutch Genre Painting in âRip Van Winkle.' ”
American Literature,
54 (1982), 44-62.
American Literature,
54 (1982), 44-62.
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