Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (51 page)
Read Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms Online
Authors: Stephen Jay Gould
BOOK: Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms
5.28Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
Du Chaillu, P. B. 1861.
Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa.
London: John Murray.
Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa.
London: John Murray.
Egerton, J.
1995.
Turner: The Fighting
Temeraire. London: National Gallery Publications.
1995.
Turner: The Fighting
Temeraire. London: National Gallery Publications.
Farago, C. 1996.
Leonardo da Vinci: Codex Leicester: A Masterpiece of Science.
New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Leonardo da Vinci: Codex Leicester: A Masterpiece of Science.
New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Figuier, L. 1863.
La Terre Avant la Deluge.
Paris: Hachette.
La Terre Avant la Deluge.
Paris: Hachette.
François, V. and E. Bier. 1995. “The
Xenopus chordin
and the
Drosophila short gastrulation
Genes Encode Homologous Proteins Functioning
in Dorsal-Ventral Axis Formation.”
Cell
80: 19–20.
Xenopus chordin
and the
Drosophila short gastrulation
Genes Encode Homologous Proteins Functioning
in Dorsal-Ventral Axis Formation.”
Cell
80: 19–20.
François, V., M. Solloway, J. W. O’Neill, H. Emery, and E. Bier. 1994. “Dorsal-Ventral Patterning of the
Drosophila
Embryo Depends on a Putative Negative Growth Factor Encoded by the
short gastrulation
Gene.
Genes and Development
8: 2602–26.
Drosophila
Embryo Depends on a Putative Negative Growth Factor Encoded by the
short gastrulation
Gene.
Genes and Development
8: 2602–26.
Gaskell, W. H. 1908.
The Origin of Vertebrates.
London: Longmans, Green and Co.
The Origin of Vertebrates.
London: Longmans, Green and Co.
Geoffroy St. Hilaire,
E. 1822. “Considérations générales sur la vertèbre.” Paris,
Memoires du Museum National D’Histoire Naturelle
9: 89–119.
E. 1822. “Considérations générales sur la vertèbre.” Paris,
Memoires du Museum National D’Histoire Naturelle
9: 89–119.
Gerace, D. T., ed. 1987. “Columbus and His World.” San Salvador, Bahamian Field Station. Fort Lauderdale: The Station.
Glenner, H., and J. T. Høeg. 1995. “A New Motile, Multicellular Stage Involved in Host Invasion by Parasitic Barnacles (Rhizocephala).”
Nature
377: 147–50.
Nature
377: 147–50.
Goffart, M. 1971.
Function and Form in the Sloth.
New York: Pergamon Press.
Function and Form in the Sloth.
New York: Pergamon Press.
Gosse, P. H. 1856.
The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea.
2nd ed. London: J. Van Voorst.
The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea.
2nd ed. London: J. Van Voorst.
Gould, S. J. 1965. “Is Uniformitarianism Necessary?”
American Journal of Science
263: 223–28.
American Journal of Science
263: 223–28.
Gould, S. J. 1974. “The Origin and Function of ‘Bizarre’ Structures: Antler Size and Skull Size in the ‘Irish Elk.’”
Evolution
28: 191–220.
Evolution
28: 191–220.
Gould, S. J. 1977.
Ontogeny and Phylogeny.
Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Ontogeny and Phylogeny.
Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Gould, S. J. 1986. “Knight Takes Bishop?”
Natural History
95:5, 18–33.
Natural History
95:5, 18–33.
Gould, S. J. 1992. “Red in Tooth and Claw.”
Natural History
101:11, 14–23.
Natural History
101:11, 14–23.
Gould, S. J. 1994. “Lucy on the Earth in Stasis.”
Natural History
103:9, 12–20.
Natural History
103:9, 12–20.
Greenberg, J. 1983. “Poetic Justice in
the Arizona Desert.”
Science News
124:19, 293.
the Arizona Desert.”
Science News
124:19, 293.
Gross, C. G. 1993. “Hippocampus Minor and Man’s Place on Nature: A Case Study in the Social Construction of Neuroanatomy.”
Hippocampus
3: 403–13.
Hippocampus
3: 403–13.
Hibberd, S. 1858.
Rustic Adornments
, 2nd ed. London: Groombridge and Sons.
Rustic Adornments
, 2nd ed. London: Groombridge and Sons.
Hitching, F. 1983.
The Neck of the Giraffe: Darwin, Evolution, and the New Biology.
New York: New American Library.
The Neck of the Giraffe: Darwin, Evolution, and the New Biology.
New York: New American Library.
Høeg, J.
T. 1985. “Cypris Settlement, Kentrogon Formation and Host Invasion in the Parasitic Barnacle
Lernaeodiscus porcellanae
(Muller) (Crustacea:Cirripedia: Rhizocephala).”
Acta Zoologica
66: 1–45.
T. 1985. “Cypris Settlement, Kentrogon Formation and Host Invasion in the Parasitic Barnacle
Lernaeodiscus porcellanae
(Muller) (Crustacea:Cirripedia: Rhizocephala).”
Acta Zoologica
66: 1–45.
Holley, S. A., P. D. Jackson, Y. Sasai, B. Lu, E. M. De Robertis, F. M. Hoffmann, and E. L. Ferguson. 1995. “A Conserved System for Dorsal-Ventral Patterning in Insects and Vertebrates Involving
Sog
and
Chordin.
”
Nature
376: 249–53.
Sog
and
Chordin.
”
Nature
376: 249–53.
Huxley, T. H. 1863.
Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature.
New York: D. Appleton.
Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature.
New York: D. Appleton.
Jackman, R., S. Nowicki, D. J. Aneshanslex, and T. Eisner. 1983. “Predatory Capture of Toads by Fly Larvae.”
Science
222: 515–16.
Science
222: 515–16.
James, H. 1898.
The Two Magics: The Turn of the Screw.
London: Macmillan & Co.
The Two Magics: The Turn of the Screw.
London: Macmillan & Co.
Johanson, D. C. and D. Edgar. 1996.
From Lucy to Language.
London: Weidenfeld
& Nicolson.
From Lucy to Language.
London: Weidenfeld
& Nicolson.
Kemp, M. 1981.
Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man.
Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man.
Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Kennedy, D. H. 1983.
Little Sparrow: A Portrait of Sophia Kovalevsky.
Athens: Ohio University Press.
Little Sparrow: A Portrait of Sophia Kovalevsky.
Athens: Ohio University Press.
Kimmel, C. B. 1996. “Was Urbilateria Segmented?”
Trends in Genetics
12: 329–31.
Trends in Genetics
12: 329–31.
Kingsley, C. 1863.
The Water Babies.
New York: Macmillan.
The Water Babies.
New York: Macmillan.
Kipling, R. 1902.
Just
So Stories for Little Children.
New York: Doubleday.
Just
So Stories for Little Children.
New York: Doubleday.
Kircher, A. 1664.
Mundus Subterraneus.
Amsterdam: J. Jansson.
Mundus Subterraneus.
Amsterdam: J. Jansson.
Kitchener, A. 1987. “Fighting Behaviour of the Extinct Irish Elk.”
Modern Geology
11: 1–28.
Modern Geology
11: 1–28.
Koford, C. B. 1953.
The California Condor.
New York: National Audubon Society.
The California Condor.
New York: National Audubon Society.
Kovalevsky, V. 1980.
The Complete Works of Vladimir Kovalevsky.
Edited by S. J. Gould. New York: Arno Press.
(Contains French articles on horses, 1873; German article on horses, 1876; English article on artiodactyls, 1874; and two German articles on artiodactyls, 1876.)
The Complete Works of Vladimir Kovalevsky.
Edited by S. J. Gould. New York: Arno Press.
(Contains French articles on horses, 1873; German article on horses, 1876; English article on artiodactyls, 1874; and two German articles on artiodactyls, 1876.)
Krafft-Ebing, R. von. 1892.
Psychopathia Sexualis.
London: F. A. Davis Co.
Psychopathia Sexualis.
London: F. A. Davis Co.
Lamarck, J. B. 1809.
Philosophie Zoologique.
Paris: Dentu.
Philosophie Zoologique.
Paris: Dentu.
Lankester, E. R. 1880.
Degeneration: A Chapter in Darwinism.
London: Macmillan and Co.
Degeneration: A Chapter in Darwinism.
London: Macmillan and Co.
Leroi-Gourhan,
A. 1967.
Treasures of Prehistoric Art.
New York: H. N. Abrams.
A. 1967.
Treasures of Prehistoric Art.
New York: H. N. Abrams.
Levin, I. 1976.
The Boys from Brazil.
New York: Random House.
The Boys from Brazil.
New York: Random House.
Linnaeus, C. 1758.
Systema Naturae.
Stockholm.
Systema Naturae.
Stockholm.
Linnaeus, C. 1759.
Genera Morborum.
Upsala.
Genera Morborum.
Upsala.
Linnaeus, C. 1771.
Fundamenta Testaceologiae.
Upsala: ex officena Edmanniana.
Fundamenta Testaceologiae.
Upsala: ex officena Edmanniana.
Lister, A. M. 1994. “The Evolution of the Giant Deer,
Megaloceros giganteus
(Blumembach).”
Journal
of the Linnean Society of London
112: 65–100.
Megaloceros giganteus
(Blumembach).”
Journal
of the Linnean Society of London
112: 65–100.
Lowell, P. 1906.
Mars and Its Canals.
New York: Macmillan Company.
Mars and Its Canals.
New York: Macmillan Company.
Lutzen, J. 1984. “Growth, Reproduction, and Life Span in
Sacculina carcini
Thompson (Cirripedia:Rhizocephala) in the Isefjord, Denmark.”
Sarsia
69: 91–106.
Sacculina carcini
Thompson (Cirripedia:Rhizocephala) in the Isefjord, Denmark.”
Sarsia
69: 91–106.
Lyell, C. 1832–33.
Principles of Geology.
London: J. Murray.
Principles of Geology.
London: J. Murray.
MacCurdy, E. 1939.
The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci.
New York:
Reynal & Hitchcock.
The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci.
New York:
Reynal & Hitchcock.
Mayr, E. 1963.
Animal Species and Evolution.
Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Animal Species and Evolution.
Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
McKay, D. S., E. K. Gibson Jr., K. L. Thomas-Keprta, H. Vali, C. S. Romanek, S. J. Clemett, X. D. F. Chillier, C. R. Maechling, and R. N. Zare. 1996. “Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001.”
Science
273: 924–30.
Science
273: 924–30.
Mendes da Costa, E. 1757.
A Natural History of Fossils.
London: L. Davis and C. Reymers.
A Natural History of Fossils.
London: L. Davis and C. Reymers.
Mendes da Costa, E. 1776.
Elements of Conchology, or, An Introduction to the Knowledge of Shells.
London: B. White.
Elements of Conchology, or, An Introduction to the Knowledge of Shells.
London: B. White.
Mitchell, G. F., and H. M. Parkes. 1949. “The Giant Deer in Ireland.”
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
52(B)(7): 291–314.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
52(B)(7): 291–314.
Mivart, St. George J. 1871.
On the Genesis of Species.
New York:
D. Appleton and Co.
On the Genesis of Species.
New York:
D. Appleton and Co.
Morison, S. E. 1942.
Admiral of the Ocean Sea.
Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
Admiral of the Ocean Sea.
Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
Muller, F. 1864.
Für Darwin.
Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
Für Darwin.
Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
Nichols, J. 1817–58.
Illustrations of the literary history of the eighteenth century. Consisting of authentic memoirs and original letters of eminent persons; and intended as a sequel to the Literary anecdotes.
London: Nichols, Son, and Bentley.
Illustrations of the literary history of the eighteenth century. Consisting of authentic memoirs and original letters of eminent persons; and intended as a sequel to the Literary anecdotes.
London: Nichols, Son, and Bentley.
Osborn, H. F. 1918.
The Origin and Evolution of Life: On the Theory of Action, Reaction and Interaction of Energy.
London: G. Bell.
The Origin and Evolution of Life: On the Theory of Action, Reaction and Interaction of Energy.
London: G. Bell.
Owen, R. 1846.
A History of British Fossil Mammals, and Birds.
London: J. Van Voorst.
A History of British Fossil Mammals, and Birds.
London: J. Van Voorst.
Owen, R. 1865.
Memoir on the Gorilla.
London: Taylor and Francis.
Memoir on the Gorilla.
London: Taylor and Francis.
Owen, R. 1866.
Memoir of the Dodo.
London: Taylor and Francis.
Memoir of the Dodo.
London: Taylor and Francis.
Paley, W. 1802.
Natural Theology.
London: R.
Faulder.
Natural Theology.
London: R.
Faulder.
Patten, E. 1920.
The Grand Strategy of Evolution.
Boston: R. G. Badger.
The Grand Strategy of Evolution.
Boston: R. G. Badger.
Rehbock, P. F. 1980. “The Victorian Aquarium in Ecological and Social Perspective.” In M. Sears and D. Merriman, eds.
Oceanography: The Past, International Congress on the History of Oceanography.
New York: Springer Verlag.
Oceanography: The Past, International Congress on the History of Oceanography.
New York: Springer Verlag.
Richter, P. J. 1883.
The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci.
London: S. Low, Marston, Searle
& Rivington.
The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci.
London: S. Low, Marston, Searle
& Rivington.
Ritchie, L. E., and J. T. Høeg. 1981. “The Life History of
Lernaeodiscus porcellanae
(Cirripedia:Rhizocephala) and Co-Evolution with its Porcellanid Host.”
Journal of Crustacean Biology
1: 334–47.
Lernaeodiscus porcellanae
(Cirripedia:Rhizocephala) and Co-Evolution with its Porcellanid Host.”
Journal of Crustacean Biology
1: 334–47.
Rolfe, W. D. Ian, 1983. “William Hunter (1718–1783) on Irish ‘Elk’ and Stubbs’s Moose.”
Archives of Natural History
11: 263–90.
Archives of Natural History
11: 263–90.
Rudwick, M. J. S. 1992.
Scenes from Deep Time.
Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Scenes from Deep Time.
Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Rupke, N. A. 1994.
Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist.
New Haven: Yale University Press.
Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist.
New Haven: Yale University Press.
Ruspoli, M. 1987.
The Cave of Lascaux: The Final Photographs.
New York: Abrams.
The Cave of Lascaux: The Final Photographs.
New York: Abrams.
Sauer, C. O. 1966.
The Early Spanish Main.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
The Early Spanish Main.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Scheuchzer, J. J. 1732–37.
Physique Sacrée, ou Histoire-Naturelle de la Bible.
Amsterdam: Chez P. Schenk.
Physique Sacrée, ou Histoire-Naturelle de la Bible.
Amsterdam: Chez P. Schenk.
Smith,
G. 1968.
The Dictionary of National Biography.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
G. 1968.
The Dictionary of National Biography.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stager, K. E. 1964. “The Role of Olfaction in Food Location by the Turkey Vulture
(Cathartes aura).
”
Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science
81:63.
(Cathartes aura).
”
Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science
81:63.
Strickland, H. E. and A. G. Melville. 1848.
The Dodo and Its Kindred.
London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
The Dodo and Its Kindred.
London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
Stringer, C. 1996.
African Exodus.
London: Cape.
African Exodus.
London: Cape.
Swisher III, C. C., W. J. Rink, S. C. Anton, H. P. Schwarcz, G. H. Curtis, A. Suprijo, and Widiasmoro. 1996. “Latest
Homo erectus
of Java.”
Science
274:5294, 1870–74.
Homo erectus
of Java.”
Science
274:5294, 1870–74.
Thompson, D. W. 1942.
On Growth and Form.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
On Growth and Form.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Turner, R. 1992.
Inventing Leonardo.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Inventing Leonardo.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tyson, E. 1699.
Orang-outang, sive
, Homo sylvestris,
or the Anatomy
of a Pygmie compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man.
London: T. Bennet, Daniel Brown, and Mr. Hunt.
Orang-outang, sive
, Homo sylvestris,
or the Anatomy
of a Pygmie compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man.
London: T. Bennet, Daniel Brown, and Mr. Hunt.
Vacelet, J., and N. Boury-Esnault. 1995. “Carnivorous Sponges.”
Nature
373: 333–35.
Nature
373: 333–35.
Wallerius, J. G. 1747.
Mineralogia, Eller Mineralriket, Indelt och beskrifvit.
Stockholm.
Mineralogia, Eller Mineralriket, Indelt och beskrifvit.
Stockholm.
Whitehead, P. J. P. 1977. “Emmanuel Mendes da Costa (1717–1791) and the
Conchology, or Natural History of Shells
.”
Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History
(Historical Series), 6: 1–24.
Conchology, or Natural History of Shells
.”
Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History
(Historical Series), 6: 1–24.
Wood, J. G. 1868.
The Fresh and Salt-Water Aquarium.
London: G. Routledge.
The Fresh and Salt-Water Aquarium.
London: G. Routledge.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reproduce the following:
La Gioconda
(the Mona Lisa), Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre, Paris, France. Neg. no. 93DE1846. Photograph by RMN-R. G. Ojeda.
(the Mona Lisa), Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre, Paris, France. Neg. no. 93DE1846. Photograph by RMN-R. G. Ojeda.
Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci from the Leicester Codex. Courtesy of Seth Joel/Corbis Corporation.
The Fighting
Temeraire
Tugged to Her Last Berth to Be Broken Up, 1838
, J.M.W.
Turner, 1839, copyright © National Gallery, London.
Temeraire
Tugged to Her Last Berth to Be Broken Up, 1838
, J.M.W.
Turner, 1839, copyright © National Gallery, London.
From
Physica Sacra
, J. J. Scheuchzer, 1730s. Photographs by Jackie Beckett, American Museum of Natural History.
Physica Sacra
, J. J. Scheuchzer, 1730s. Photographs by Jackie Beckett, American Museum of Natural History.
From
The Earth Before the Flood
, Louis Figuier, 1863, and 4th ed., 1865. Photographs by Jackie Beckett, American Museum of Natural History.
The Earth Before the Flood
, Louis Figuier, 1863, and 4th ed., 1865. Photographs by Jackie Beckett, American Museum of Natural History.
From
Rustic Adornments
, Shirley Hibberd, 2nd ed., 1858. Photographs by Jackie Beckett, American
Museum of Natural History.
Rustic Adornments
, Shirley Hibberd, 2nd ed., 1858. Photographs by Jackie Beckett, American
Museum of Natural History.
From
Fundamenta Testaceologiae
, Carolus Linnaeus, 1771.
Fundamenta Testaceologiae
, Carolus Linnaeus, 1771.
From
On the Classification and Geological Distribution of the Mammalia
, Richard Owen, 1859.
On the Classification and Geological Distribution of the Mammalia
, Richard Owen, 1859.
From monograph, Vladimir Kovalevsky, 1876. Photograph by Craig Chesek, American Museum of Natural History.
Lascaux Cave painting. Photograph by Jean-Marie Chauvet/Sygma. Courtesy of the French Government Tourist Office.
The Moose
, George Stubbs, 1770, Hunterian Art Gallery, University of Glasgow, Scotland.
, George Stubbs, 1770, Hunterian Art Gallery, University of Glasgow, Scotland.
Megaloceros
from Cougnac Cave, southwest France. Modified after Lorblanchet et al., 1993, by A. M. Lister, 1994,
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
, London.
from Cougnac Cave, southwest France. Modified after Lorblanchet et al., 1993, by A. M. Lister, 1994,
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
, London.
Skeleton of an Irish elk, Richard Owen, 1846. Neg. no. 2A23132. Courtesy of the Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History.
Copyright © 1997 Donald C. Johanson. Used by permission of Nevraumont Publishing Co., New York.
Photographs courtesy of Sally Walker.
Photograph by Jackie Beckett, American Museum of Natural History.
From
Memoir of the Dodo
, Richard Owen, 1866. Neg. no. 5848. Courtesy of the Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History.
Memoir of the Dodo
, Richard Owen, 1866. Neg. no. 5848. Courtesy of the Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History.
LEFT:
From
Memoir of the Dodo
, Richard Owen, 1866.
Neg. no. 5847.
RIGHT:
From
The Dodo and Its Kindred
, H. E. Strickland and A. G. Melville, 1848. Neg. no. 5869. Both courtesy of the Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History.
From
Memoir of the Dodo
, Richard Owen, 1866.
Neg. no. 5847.
RIGHT:
From
The Dodo and Its Kindred
, H. E. Strickland and A. G. Melville, 1848. Neg. no. 5869. Both courtesy of the Department of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History.
Illustration by John Tenniel from
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
, Lewis Carroll, 1865. Copyright © Corbis-Bettmann.
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
, Lewis Carroll, 1865. Copyright © Corbis-Bettmann.
Other books
Last Christmas (Bound Together) by Coulson, Marie
I'm Yours (Bold As Love) by Lindsay Paige
The Monk and the Riddle: The Art of Creating a Life While Making a Living by Komisar, Randy, Lineback, Kent
No More Heroes by Ray Banks
The Less Than Perfect Wedding by Sam Westland
Year of the Golden Dragon by B.L. Sauder
Wayside School Gets a Little Stranger by Louis Sachar
A Death to Remember by Ormerod, Roger
Lost Voice of the Grand Final by Hazel Edwards
The Heir of the Castle (Harlequin Romance) by Scarlet Wilson