M (40 page)

10  Excerpts from various reports, APP 21000 2 A, 1893 first half of year.

11  Memo from Melville at the CID, New Scotland Yard, 24 May 1893, TNA HO 45/9739/A54881.

12  TNA HO 45/9739/A54881.

13  Report from Y3 in Paris, 30 September 1893; APP.

14  Excerpts from various reports, APP 21000 2 A, October and November 1893.

15  The story of congratulations is from a cutting, enclosed with an agent's report, from
Le 19e siècle.

16  Extract from an unnamed French paper, report from London 3 December, APP.

17  Article translated back into English from an undated French paper. The
Daily Graphic
account would have appeared on Saturday 17 or Monday 19 February 1894, APP.

18  Later in the year, when an Italian anarchist assassinated President Carnot in Lyons, Fédée pointed out that he had passed on a warning to the Lyons police but it was evidently disregarded. See
l'Echo de Paris,
20 June 1894.

19  George Dilnot,
Great Detectives and their Methods
Houghton Mifflin Co, NY 1928.

20  The
Standard,
23 April 1894. Cutting in HO 144/259/ASS860.

21  ‘Anarchist leader at Bow Street' from the
Standard
of 24 April and the
Daily Chronicle
of 25April 1894. Cuttings in TNA HO 144/259/ASS86022TNA B280c/42a.

Chapter 7: The Lodging House

1    The weekly
Illustrated London News
was first. The
Daily Mail
was using half-tone photographs by the end of the century.

2    
Police Review and Parade Gossip,
May 17 1895, citing the
Daily Chronicle.

3    For instance, a letter from the Austro-Hungarian Embassy to Earl Kimberley, and Sweeney's reply, respecting a couple of Bohemian anarchists. Melville adds in a postscript that the only Bohemian anarchist paper is printed in America. January 1885. TNA HO/144/SP7 B2840C/54.

4    
Police Review and Parade Gossip,
2 October and 9 October 1896.

5    Charles Kingston,
A Gallery of Rogues,
London 1924. Ch. XVIII, quoted in Kimball,
The Harassment of Russian Revolutionaries Abroad: the London Trial of Vladimir Burtsev in 1898.

6    Barry Hollingsworth,
The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom: English Liberals and Russian Socialists, 1890-1917.
A paper read at the Anglo-Soviet Conference of Historians in London, September 1969.

7    Sigmund Rosenblum changed his name to Sidney Reilly in June 1899 and he joined the Secret Intelligence Service in 1918 under that name. Dubbed ‘Britain's Master Spy' and the ‘Ace of Spies', his exploits were serialised in the 1930s by the London
Evening Standard
and syndicated in the foreign press. Shortly after the publication of the first James Bond novel
Casino Royale
in April 1953, Ian Fleming told a contemporary at
The Sunday Times,
where he worked as Foreign Manager, that he had created James Bond as the result of reading about the exploits of Sidney Reilly in the archives of the British Secret Services during the Second World War. For a full account of Reilly, his life and associations, refer to Andrew Cook,
Ace of Spies – The True Story of Sidney Reilly,
Tempus Publishing (second edition) 2004.

8    Report by V. Rataev (Okhrana, Paris) to Department of Police, St Petersburg, 24 February 1903, Fond 102, Inventory 316, 1898, Article 1, Section 16, Paragraph A, pp.84-85, State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), Moscow.

9    Bernard Porter,
The Origins of the Vigilant State,
The Boydell Press 1991, Chapter 9.

10  Okhrana Archive, Box #35, Index #Vc, Folder 3, ‘Relations with Scotland Yard', Hoover Institution, Stanford, California.

11  Hollingsworth, ibid.

12  Confidential Memorandum on the Publication in Russian enclosed in M. Lessar's
Note Verbale
of 6 September 1897, TNA FO 65/1544.

13  
Parliamentary Debates
IVth series, vol. 53 (Loodon 1898) cols. 879, 1209-10, cited in Kimball, ibid.

14  Unsigned letter to ‘Cher Monsieur Melville', Okhrana Archive, Box #35 Index #Vc Folder 3 ‘Relations with Scotland Yard', Hoover Institution, Stanford, California.

15  Cook, ibid.

16  Entry 17, Register of Births in the Registration District of Belmullet, County Mayo, 1 February 1878.

17  E. Thomas Wood,
Wars on Terror: French and British responses to the anarchist violence of the 1890s,
MPhil dissertation, 2002, Pembroke College, Cambridge.

18  Written as ‘Je n'ai pas besoin d'ajouter que tout individu soupconné d'avoir l'intention decommettre un des actes criminels précités en contravention de la loi anglaise est soumis à l'observation policière'. TNA HO 45/10254/X36450.

19  TNA FO YS 102SY.

20  Foreign Office minute initialled K.E.D. (Digby), 2 January 1899, TNA FO YS 102SY.

21  Robin Bruce Lockhart,
Ace of Spies,
Hodder and Stoughton 1967.

22  Cook, ibid, p.49ff.

23  The papers and recollections of Beatrice Houdini were published in
Houdini, His Life Story
by Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1928.

24  Porter, ibid., makes this point.

25  The hated regulation boots were abandoned in 1897 in favour of a boot allowance for uniformed men.

26  An account of the Legitimation League affair is in Porter, ibid.

27  All biographies of Havelock Ellis tell the story. See also
The Times,
1 November 1898.

28  Porter, ibid.

29  John Sweeney,
At Scotland Yard,
London 1904.

30  APP 310000-18-A, Letter from Euréka, London 4 October 1899.

31  Assistant Commissioner Henry's report to Home Office, 7 January 1902, TNA FO YS 102SY.

32  Harold Brust,
I Guarded Kings,
Hillman-Curl, Inc. New York, 1936, relates both the Prince of Wales's brush with death (pp48-50) and the murder of King Humbert (p80).

33  Copy Sanderson's Foreign Office response to H.E. Count Hartsfeldt, 9 August 1900. TNA HO 144/527/X7983/2.

34  Sanderson's response, ibid.

35  The story is told in his autobiography,
Steinhauer,
published in English by The Bodley Head in 1930. It was ‘edited by' Sidney Felstead.

36  He was fifty-one years old.

37  At the inquest, held on 25 April 1901 by Edward N. Wood, Deputy Coroner for London, the unidentified body was said to be that of a twenty-four-year-old woman found in the afternoon of 23 April, Inquest ref. # DAZ 067009.

38  The one-armed anarchist was I. Blumenfeld, executed in Warsaw in January 1906 (source Politicheskie partii Rossii: istoriia i sovremennost, glava X, Anarkhisty, Rosspen, Moskva, 2000).

39  Assistant Commissioner Henry's reports to Home Office, ibid., 7 January 1902 and 28 April 1902. The April report is a response to a German query. All quotations here are from the January report.

40  Postponed from 1901, when he had appendicitis.

41  A detailed account of Rubini's time in England, signed by Melville, was submitted on 3 December 1902, TNA HO 45/10482/X77377.

42  Memorandum (Immediate and Secret) from Sir Edward Bradford, 24 May 1902, TNA HO 144/545 /A55176.

43  Memorandum of 24 May, ibid.

44  So is he said to have cried to the police who arrested him. Brust, ibid., p.48. See also pp.60-61.

45  Letter to ‘Murdoch' from Sir E. Bradford, 21 November 1902, TNA HO 144/668/X84164.

46  Report by W. Melville MVO, 25 November 1904, MI5 file PF NE 4570.

47  Ibid.

48  Ibid.

49  Ibid.

50  Ibid.

51  Ibid.

52  Ibid.

Chapter 8: W. Morgan, General Agent

1    Probably the Eagle Insurance Office, where James Melville later worked according to his
Who Was Who
entry.

2    From the will of William Melville, proven in April 1918: ‘I bequeath to Bridget Moore
(née
Joyce) of Plymouth the sum of thirty pounds free of duty in recognition of her kindness and the excellent manner in which she looked after my children on the death of my first wife.' (Family Division of the High Court of Justice, Principal Probate Registry, 20 April 1918, No.864).

3    A thought which occurred to Bernard Porter as late as 1985 when ‘One of the very few files from this period to which the Home Office still denies access is one which contained correspondence about the expenses he claimed… It is unfortunate for his memory that the available historical record is so incomplete, giving rise to what may be unworthy and are certainly uncorroborated qualms.' Bernard Porter,
The Origins of the Vigilant State,
Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1985. These documents are now available and give evidence of payments to, for instance, Coulon.

4    Quoted in Michael Smith,
The Spying Game: The Secret History of British Espionage,
Politico's Publishing 2003.

5    Christopher Andrew,
Secret Service,
Heinemann 1985.

6    Smith, ibid.

7    Smith, ibid.

8    Smith, ibid.,p. 55.

9    Andrew, ibid.

10  Note of 30 November 1906 from Major George Cockerill at the War Office to Sir Charles Hardinge, who has recently taken over from Sir Thomas Sanderson at the Foreign Office: ‘I promised to enquire whether we had any record here of the origin of the system under which we obtain Secret Service funds from the Foreign Office. I have ascertained that it dates from the early part of 1886 and that the arrangement was initiated by Mr Sanderson (as he then was) and Sir Henry Brackenbury.' TNA HO 3/133.

11  Quoted in Andrew, ibid., p.31.

12  Memo from Sir Thomas Sanderson annotated by Lord Lansdowne, 16 September 1903.

13  Sir Edward Henry to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 28 September 1903. The money discussion must by now have taken place. To a great extent arrangements were in place well before anything was put in writing by the parties concerned.

14  Memoir by William Melville MVO MBE, TNA KV1/8, p.3.

15  Vernon Kell's curriculum vitae, attached to letter dated 19 September 1909 to the War Office, TNA KV 1/5.

16  For a full account of this period in Reilly's life see Andrew Cook,
Ace of Spies – The True Story of Sidney Reilly,
Tempus Publishing 2004.

17  Anthony Wood,
Great Britain 1900-1965,
Longman 1978, p.49.

18  Wood, ibid., points out that this treaty was key to the eventual Entente (1904) between England and France. The French were already committed by treaty to come to the aid of Russia if required; any Japan
v.
Russia conflict might draw them into a war with England.

19  Armgaard K. Graves,
Secrets of the German War Office,
T. Werner Laurie 1914.

20  Graves, ibid., p.41.

21  Graves, ibid, p.45.

22  British intelligence reports to this effect from 1918 are listed in Cook, ibid., notes to Chapter 8.

23  Letter from E.G. Pretyman MP, Civil Lord of the Admiralty, to Sir Charles Greenway, 30 April 1919 (Record of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Ltd, Volume 1, (1901-18), pp.50-51, BP Archive, University of Warwick.

24  See Cook, ibid., in particular the chapter ‘The Broker' in which his skills at misinformation on the one hand, and public relations on the other, are described.

25  ‘Lenin, Iskra and Clerkenwell', edited version of the lecture given by Tish Collins, (Librarian, Marx Memorial Library) at the 69th Marx Memorial Lecture (Marx Memorial Library, London); Lenin by Robert Service, p.169ff.

26  Herbert Fitch,
Traitors Within,
p.11ff.

27  MI5 file PF NE 4570.

28  Memoir by William Melville MVO MBE, TNA KV1/8, p.8; Julian Marchlewski (1866–1925) alias Kujawiak and Karskii was the anarchist Melville met in Whitechapel. In 1893 he collaborated with Rosa Luxemburg to form a socialist underground movement in Russian Poland. A delegate to the Second International, he edited a socialist publication for several years in Poland and then went into exile. He was considered by other revolutionaries to be more committed to Polish independence than to the overall Marxist cause.

29  Report by V. Rataev (Okhrana, Paris) to Department of Police, St Petersburg, 24 February 1903. Fond 102, Inventory 316, 1898, Article i, Section 16, Paragraph A, pp.84-85, State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), Moscow.

30  Akashi Motojiro,
Rakka ryusui, Colonel Akashi's Report on his Secret Co-operation with the Russian Revolutionary Parties during the Russo-Japanese War,
Finnish Historical Society, Helsinki, 1988, p.46.

31  Akashi, ibid., pp. 32, 47, 52.

32  Memoir by William Melville, ibid., p.9
et seq.

33  Memoir by William Melville, ibid.

34  Memoir by William Melville, ibid.

35  Memoir by William Melville, ibid.

36  Memoir by William Melville, ibid.

37  Letter from Colonel Davies at War Office (Winchester House, St James's Square) to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 5 January 1905, TNA HD 130.

38  Sir Edward Henry refers to a claim for defamation by a man called Parmeggiani who claimed not to be the anarchist of that name referred to in Sweeney's memoir. The outcome, in October 1905, was unsuccessful for the plaintiff.

39  Sir Edward Henry to Colonel Davies, 21 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.

40  From Colonel Davies to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 23 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.

41  Note from Sir Thomas Sanderson initialled at end by L, 25 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.

42  From Colonel Davies to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 31 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.

43  Memoir by William Melville, ibid., p.9.

44  Sir Thomas Sanderson to ‘Johnstone', 10 October 1905, TNA HD 3/131.

45  Sir George Clarke to M.D. Chalmers, 7 February 1905, TNA HD 317/43.

46  M.D. Chalmers to Sir George Clarke, 7 February 1905, TNA HD 317/43.