Malcolm X (100 page)

298
“within their rights to kill those dogs.”
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, March 13, 1964.

298
Murphy’s condemnation was a “compliment.”
“‘Get Guns,’ Says Malcolm X,ʺ
Chicago Defender
, March 14, 1964; “Top New York Cop Vows Fight Against Malcolm X,ʺ
Chicago Defender
, March 17, 1964; “Negroes Seek Ouster,”
Chicago Defender
, March 19, 1964; and MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, March 26, 1964.

298
quality of blacks
’
public education.
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, March 13, 1964; and MX FBI, Memo, Boston Office, April 3, 1964.

298
most blacks to dismiss his claims.
“Malcolm X Tells of Death Threat,”
Amsterdam News
, March 21, 1964.

298
room located on the hotel’s mezzanine.
MX FBI, Memo, Chicago Office, March 17, 1964; MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, March 13, 1964; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, June 18, 1964, p. 35.

299
“the white man himself bleeds a little.”
MX FBI, Memo, Boston Office, April 3, 1964.

299
“anti-Semitic. We are simply against exploitation.”
MX FBI, Memo, Paris Office, August 26, 1964.

299
had requested information on how to join up.
MX FBI, New York Office, June 18, 1964, p. 48.

299
to form “a black nationalist army.”
“Malcolm X May Form Black National Army,”
Amsterdam News
, March 25, 1964; “Malcolm X Says Form a New Party,”
Chicago Defender
, March 26, 1964; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, June 18, 1964, p. 36.

300
“will consider a conflict as a bloody one.”
Ibid.

301
would become spiritual brothers and sisters to blacks.
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, pp. 207-8.

301
“in the nonviolent movement.”
Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 319.

302
only time the two men ever met.
James 67X Warden interview, August 1, 2007.

302
compensate blacks for “three hundred ten years of unpaid slave labor.”
“Malcolm X to Organize Mass Voter Registration,”
Militant
, April 6, 1964.

302
the inevitable socialist revolution in the United States.
Trotsky’s theory of “permanent revolution” suggested that revolutionary societies could “leap” economic stages of development—for example, from feudalism to socialism, bypassing capitalism. In the United States, this meant that the vanguard of the socialist revolution would not come from the industrial proletariat, but from the most oppressed sectors of the working class and peasantry. This meant that Negroes would be a major force within the vanguard of the American socialist revolution. The Socialist Workers Party, Trotsky advised, should support movements promoting black nationalism and demands for self-determination. See Manning Marable,
Black American Politics: From the Washington Marches to Jesse Jackson
(London: Verso, 1985), p. 52.

304
best program addressing blacks
’
interests.
Ibid.; Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, p. 23; and Robert Terrill,
Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment
(Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004), pp. 121-33.

304
“by August [1964], with delegates from all over the country.”
“2,000 Hear Malcolm X in Cleveland,”
Militant
, June 13, 1964. Provocatively, Malcolm also raised the specter of armed struggle by blacks inside the United States. At the proposed August 1964 convention, Malcolm declared, “If it’s necessary to form a black nationalist army, we’ll form a black nationalist army.”

304
one of Malcolm’s most widely quoted talks.
“The Ballot or the Bullet,” Transcript, MXC-S, box 5, folder 8.

304
“rightfully theirs,” Malcolm was reported stating.
MX FBI, Cleveland Office, April 7, 1964; and “Organize Rifle Club in Ohio,”
Amsterdam News
, April 11, 1964.

305
eviction of Malcolm and his family from the house.
James Booker, “Seek to Evict Malcolm X from Home in Queens,”
Amsterdam News
, March 31, 1964.

305
“accusing the government of genocide,” it reported.
FBI—Muslim Mosque, Incorporated (MMI) file, Memo, New York Office, April 5, 1964; Travel Diaries (Transcription): Middle East and West Africa, April-May 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

305
Malcolm’s core followers also in attendance.
Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 45-57; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 282.

306
ministers tried in vain to block his appearance.
“Malcolm X's Detroit Date Sparks Battle of Ministers,”
Afro-American
, April 11, 1964.

307
“a chump but a traitor to his race.”
MX FBI, Memo, Detroit Office, April 9, 1964; MX FBI, Memo, Detroit Office, April 14, 1964; and “Leading Dixiecrat in White House,”
Chicago Defender
, April 14, 1964.

307
“fit right into Harlem,” he noted in his diary.
Travel Diaries, April 13-14, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

307
Saudi Arabia, the official center of embarkation for the hajj
. Malcolm X and Haley,
Autobiography
, pp. 326-31; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 204.

308
in securing permission to participate in the hajj
. Malcolm X and Haley,
Autobiography
, pp. 328-31, 336-37; DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 205; and “Malcolm X Gets Religion,”
Chicago Defender
, May 14, 1964.

308
“decreed that I be a guest of the state.”
Travel Diaries, April 17-19, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 205.

309
and renewal, fitting well with the purpose of the hajj
. Letter from Malcolm X, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, April 20, 1964, Best Efforts, Inc. Archives, Highland Park, Michigan, in DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 206; “Malcolm X Gets Religion,”
Chicago Defender
; “Malcolm X Has New Name in Arabia,”
Amsterdam News
, May 9, 1964; and Esposito,
The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
, pp. 103-4.

309
“horum, with right shoulder bare.” Malcolm observed on April 23.
Travel Diaries, April 22-23, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

310
who “were more genuinely brotherly than anyone else had ever been.”
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, p. 179.

310
“modernizing the methods to propagate Islam.”
Travel Diaries, April 22-23, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

311
unhappy experiences with American racism.
Travel Diaries, April 24, 1964, ibid.

311
years he was incarcerated in Massachusetts.
Travel Diaries, April 25, 1964, ibid.

311
“True Believer recognizes the Oneness of all Humanity.”
Travel Diaries, April 26-27, 1964, ibid.

312
“Islam will link us spiritually to Africa, Arabia and Asia.”
Travel Diaries, April 23, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

312
who advocated the expansive use of jihad.
Esposito,
The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
, pp. 217-18. In 1980, Hafez al-Assad mandated death for any Syrian who belonged to the Muslim Brotherhood.

312
scheduled to give a lecture the following day.
Travel Diaries, April 27-29, 1964, ibid.

312
a front-page article about it the next day.
Travel Diaries, April 30, 1964, ibid.; and Malcolm X's Itinerary, April 30, 1964, MXC-S, box 13, folder 7.

312
“only a minority of Negroes believed in nonviolence.”
“Negro Moderation Decried by Malcolm X in Lebanon,”
New York Times
, May 2, 1964.

312
“the offices of the Muslim borthersʺ—
that is, the Brotherhood. Travel Diaries, May 1, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

313
would play the same role during Malcolm’s 1964 visit.
Abdul Basit Naeem statement, August 5, 1959, BOSS; Travel Diaries, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13; and Malcolm X to Hussein el-Borai, June 1, 1964, and January 7, 1965, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4.

313
reaching the ancient seaport city in the evening.
Ibid.

313
“get imported items through customs.”
Travel Diaries, May 2-3, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

313
Malcolm “was probably from Habachi (Abyssinia).”
Travel Diaries, May 4, 1964, ibid.

313
and escorted him to the Federal Palace hotel.
Travel Diaries, May 5, 1964, ibid.

313
including scholar E. U. Essien-Udom.
Travel Diaries, May 7, 1964, ibid.; E. U. Essien-Udom’s
Black Nationalism: The Search for an Identity in America
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963) presented a sympathetic critique of the Nation of Islam.

314
“the son (or child) who has returned.”
Alice Windom to Christine, May 1964, John Henrik Clarke Papers, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, box 24, folder 33; Malcolm X's Itinerary, MXC-S, box 13, folder 7; and “Malcolm X Gives Africa Twisted Look,”
New York Journal American
, July 25, 1964, which includes excerpts of Malcolm’s address.

314
Maya Angelou, Alice Windom, Preston King and W. E. B. and Shirley Du Bois.
Kevin Gaines,
African Americans in Ghana
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 198-99; and Jenkins, ed.,
Malcolm X Encyclopedia
, “Julian Mayfield,” pp. 376-77.

315
during his student years at Berkeley.
See Leslie Lacy, “Malcolm X in Ghana,” in John Henrik Clarke, ed.,
Malcolm X: The Man and His Times
(Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1990), pp. 217-25.

315
he gave a talk at Chicago’s Mosque No. 2 in the early 1960s.
“Alice Windom,” in Jenkins, ed.
Malcolm X Encyclopedia
, pp. 566-67.

315
“extra-religious struggle for human rights in America.”
Alice Windom to Christine, May 1964, John Henrik Clarke Papers, box 24, folder 33.

315
“personally but bad for me politically.”
Travel Diaries, May 11, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

316
Pan-Africanism similar to that espoused by Nkrumah.
Malcolm X to Muslim Mosque, Inc., May 11, 1964, MXC-S, box 13, folder 2.

316
“to have far reaching results for the common good.”
“X Is Here,”
Ghanaian Times
, May 12, 1964; and “Civil Rights Issue in U.S. Is Mislabeled,”
Ghanaian Times
, May 13, 1964.

316
Ghana’s minister of defense Kofi Boaka and other ministers at Boaka’s home.
Alice Windom to Christine, May 1964, John Henrik Clarke Papers, box 24, folder 33; Malcolm X's Itinerary, MXC-S, box 13, folders 6-7; and Travel Diaries, May 14-16, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

316
“to be
‘
amused.
’
They were in for a rude surprise.”
Alice Windom to Christine, May 1964, John Henrik Clarke Papers, box 24, folder 33.

317
he predicted that Harlem was “about to explode.”
Calvin Smith, ed.,
Where To, Black Man?
(Chicago: Quadrangle, 1967), pp. 211-20. The text is a transcript of Malcolm’s University of Ghana lecture. See also Manning Marable,
African and Caribbean Politics: From Kwame Nkrumah to the Grenada Revolution
(London: Verso, 1987), pp. 136-43.

317
“white race would end segregation in the U.S., and the world.”
“African States Must Force U.S. for Racial Equality,”
Ghanaian Times
, May 15, 1964.

317
in Winneba, about forty miles from Accra.
Alice Windom to Christine, May 1964, John Henrik Clarke Papers, box 24, folder 33; Travel Diaries, May 15, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13; and Malcolm X's Itinerary, MXC-S, box 13, folders 6-7.

317
proclaiming Maoist China’s support for African-American liberation.
Alice Windom to Christine, May 1964, John Henrik Clarke Papers, box 24, folder 33; FBI—Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) file, Memo, W. R. Wannall to W. C. Sullivan, October 1, 1964; and MX FBI Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 70. Also see William Worthy, “The Red Chinese and the American Negro,”
Esquire
, October 1964, pp. 132, 173-79.

318
“mainstream of the struggle was heralded as a hopeful sign.”
Alice Windom to Christine, May 1964, John Henrik Clarke Papers, box 24, folder 33.

318
“Nobody listens to that Malcolm anymore.”
Ali’s traveling retinue included Herbert Muhammad. See “Cassius Without His Lip,”
Ghanaian Times
, May 18, 1964; “Muhammad Ali Meets His Hero (Nkrumah),”
Ghanaian Times
, May 19, 1964; and Lloyd Garrison, “Clay Makes Malcolm Ex-Friend,”
New York Times
, May 18, 1964.

318
“by their racial origin from being regarded as human liberators.”
H. M. Basner, “Malcolm X and the Martyrdom of Rev. Clayton Hewett,”
Ghanaian Times
, May 18, 1964.

318
“white worker in America than he has in South Africa.ʺ
Julian Mayfield, “Basner Misses Malcolm X's Point,”
Ghanaian Times
, May 19, 1964.

318
“objective, could have appeared attacking Nkrumah.”
Leslie A. Lacy, “African Responses to Malcolm X,ʺ in LeRoi Jones and Larry Neal, eds.,
Black Fire
(New York: William Morrow, 1968), pp. 32-38.

318
to Africa “philosophically and culturally.”
Malcolm X to Muslim Mosque, Inc., May 11, 1964, MXC-S, box 13, folder 2.

319
and he prayed with many others.
Travel Diaries, May 18, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13.

319
“Black Muslims, and thirsting for faster ‘progress.’”
Ibid.

319
appear at a trial to respond to a speeding ticket.
Travel Diaries, May 19, 1964, ibid.; Malcolm X's Itinerary, MXC-S, box 13, folder 7; “Warrant Issued for Malcolm X,ʺ
Chicago Daily News
, May 19, 1964; “Order Arrest of Brother Malcolm,”
Chicago Defender
, May 21, 1964; and “Warrant for Malcolm as Speeder to Be Issued,”
New York Times
, May 20, 1964. The charge against Malcolm was that he was driving fifty-five miles per hour in a forty-mile-per-hour zone on the Triborough Bridge in New York City on March 6, 1964.