Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (64 page)

134
. Plut.,
Caes
. 35.4–5.

135
. Plut.,
Caes
. 36.1–2.

136
. Plut.,
Caes
. 37.2–3. The legislation included restoring civic rights to the children of parents who had suffered in the time of Sulla and reducing interest rates to relieve the burdens of the debtor-class.

137
. Plut.,
Caes
. 38.1, 39.1.

138
. Plut.,
Caes
. 39.2–3, 40.1, 40.4.

139
. Plut.,
Caes
. 35.4–47.1.

140
. Plut.,
Caes
. 46.4.

141
. Plut.,
Pomp
. 80.1;
Caes
. 48.2.

142
. Plut.,
Caes
. 48.2;
Pomp
. 80.5.

143
. Plut.,
Caes
. 48.5–49.10.

144
. Plut.,
Caes
. 50.1–4; cf. Suet.,
Divus Caes
. 37.

145
. Nic. 7.

146
. Plut.,
Caes
. 52.1.

147
. Plut.,
Caes
. 52.4–5.

148
. Plut.,
Caes
. 52.4–5 and 56.7–9; Nic. 7. The triumphs were for his victory in Africa over Iuba, winning a naval battle on the Nile in Egypt, the conquest of Gaul and defeating Pharnakes of Pontus.

149
. Nic. 7.

150
. Nic. 9.

151
. Caes.,
Bell. Civ
. 1.29–2.1; Plut.,
Caes
. 56.1.

152
. Nic. 6.

153
. Cic.,
Oratio pro L. Murena
10: ‘
Ac nimirum – dicendum est enim quod sentio – rei militaris virtus praestat ceteris omnibus. Haec nomen populo Romano, haec huic urbi aeternam gloriam peperit, haec orbem terrarum parere huic imperio coegit; omnes urbanae res, omnia haec nostra praeclara studia et haec forensis laus et industria latet in tutela ac praesidio bellicae virtutis
’.

154
. Nic. 9–10: when he was called on to fight, his constitution often failed him, as Agrippa would come to learn.

155
. Manlius,
Astronomicon
1.797–798: ‘
… matrisque sub armis miles Agrippa suae
’; Nic. 11 alludes to it.

156
. Keppie (1984), p. 98, notes the role of tribunes at this time was not well defined; cf. Le Bohec (1994), p. 39.

157
. Caes.,
Bell. Hisp
. 27–32. Caesar specifically mentions in Chapter 31 the day of battle was the
Liberalia
, the feast day of Liber or Bacchus; Plut.,
Caes
., 56.5.

158
. Plut.,
Caes
. 56.2;
Caes., De Bello Hispaniensi
30: Caesar refers to eighty cohorts, equivalent to eight legions, four of battle-hardened veteran (
Legiones
III, V, VI and X) and four of raw recruits; the cavalry included a detachment of Numidians led by Bogud.

159
. Caes.,
Bell. Hisp
. 27: ‘
Ita cum clamor esset intermixtus gemitu gladiorumque crepitus auribus oblatus, inperitorum mentes timore praepediebat. Hic, ut ait Ennius, pes pede premitur, armis teruntur arma, adversariosque vehementissime pugnantes nostri agere coeperunt
.’

160
. Caes.,
Bell. Hisp
. 41.

161
. Caes.,
Bell. Hisp
. 32: ‘
Ex hostium armis pro caespite cadavera conlocabantur, scuta et pila pro vallo. Insuper occisorum in gladiorum mucronibus capita hominum ordinata ad oppidum conversa. Universa hostium timorem … virtutisque insignia proposita viderent, et vallo circumcluderentur adversarii
.’

162
. Caes.,
Bell. Hisp
. 41; Plut.,
Caes
. 56.3, says 30,000 of the enemy were slain to Caesar’s 1,000.

163
. Caes.,
Bell. Hisp
. 32–39.

164
. Dio 45.10.1–6; Plut.,
Caes
. 56.6.

165
. Nic. 10–11; Vell. Pat. 2.59.3.

166
. Nic. 11.

167
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 10.154; cf. Vell. Pat. 2.59.3.

168
. Nic. 11.

169
. Nic. 11.

170
. The different arrival times might be explained if Agrippa went by road and Octavius went by sea.

171
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.9: for
magister equitum
see Appendix.

172
. Plut.,
Caes
., 56.7.

173
. Nic. 7.

174
. Nic. 11.

175
. Vell. Pat. 2.59.5. For Salvidienus see Dio 48.33.2; Ségolène (1992), p. 30.

176
. Nic. 15.

177
. Nic. 16.

178
. Dio 45.3.1.

179
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.9; Dio 45.1.7–8; Vell. Pat. 2.59.4.

180
. Strab.,
Geog
. 7.8.316.

181
. Nic. 16. On Illyrian-Roman relations see Wilkes (1995), p. 209.

182
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.9: ‘
καὶ αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ Ἀπολλωνίᾳ ἱππέων ἶλαι παραλλὰξ ἐκ Μακεδονίας ἐπιοῦσαι συνεγύμναζον καὶ τῶν ἡγεμόνων τοῦ στρατοῦ τινες ὡς συγγενεῖ Καίσαρος θαμινὰ ἐπεφοίτων
’.

183
. Nic. 16. Glabrio was consul in 67 BCE.

184
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.9: ‘
γνῶσίς τε ἐκ τούτων αὐτῷ καὶ εὔνοια παρὰ τοῦ στρατοῦ τις ἐνεγίγνετο, σὺν χάριτι δεξιουμένῳ πάντας
’.

185
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 8.2 and 89.1; Vell. Pat. 2.59.4; Dio 45.3.1.

186
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 94.12: ‘
cum Agrippae, qui prior consulebat, magna et paene incredibilia praedicerentur
’.

187
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 94.12: ‘
metu ac pudore ne minor inveniretur
’.

188
. E.g. Dio 49.43.5.

189
. Four months: Nic. 16; cf. six months: App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.9.

190
. Nic. 16.

191
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.9; Nic. 16.

Chapter 2: Champion of the New Caesar

1
. Dio 45.3.1.

2
. Caes.,
Bell. Gall
. 2.2, 2.11.

3
. Caes.,
Bell. Hisp
. 2.12, 3.22.

4
. Nic. 8.

5
. Nic. 16.

6
. Paterculus 2.59.5; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.10; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 8.2; Nic. 17.

7
. Nic. 16.

8
. Nic. 16, 18–20; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.10.

9
. Nic. 17.

10
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.10–11.

11
. Nic. 17.

12
. Nic. 17.

13
. Nic. 17.

14
. Vell. Pat. 2.60.1–2.

15
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.11: ‘
ὁ δὲ καὶ ταῦτά οἱ καὶ τὸ μὴ τιμωρεῖν αὐτὸν Καίσαρι αἰσχρὸν ἡγούμενος ἐς τὸ Βρεντέσιον ᾔει, προπέμψας καὶ διερευνησάμενο
’.

16
. Nic. 17.

17
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.18.

18
. Nic. 27.

19
. Plut.,
Ant
. 13.2.

20
. Plut.,
Brut
. 18.8.

21
. Plut.,
Ant
. 13.2;
Brut
. 18.7.

22
. Plut.,
Brut
. 18.10–13.

23
. Plut.,
Cic
. 42.1, 42.3;
Brut
. 19.1.

24
. Plut.,
Brut
. 19.2.

25
. Plut.,
Brut
. 19.3.

26
. Plut.,
Brut
. 19.5; cf. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.12 who notes Brutus and Cassius had been granted Macedonia and Syria respectively, but the Senate denied them these and awarded them the lesser territories.

27
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.12.

28
. Plut.,
Ant
. 15.1.

29
. Plut.,
Ant
. 15.2.

30
. Dio 45.9.1; Plut.,
Ant
. 15.3.

31
. Plut.,
Ant
. 13.3–4;
Brut
. 20.4.

32
. Plut.,
Brut
. 20.4; Cic., 42.4.

33
. Plut.,
Brut
. 20.6–7.

34
. Plut.,
Brut
. 21.1;
Cic
., 42.5.

35
. Livy,
Per
. 117.2; Nic. 17.

36
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.10; Cic.,
Att
. 14.10: ‘Octavius arrived at Neapolis on the 14th Kalends. There Balbus saw him on the morning of the following day and on the same day came to me at Cumae to tell me that he was going to claim his inheritance; but, as you say, he will have a lively time with Antonius.’

37
. Cic.,
Att
. 14.12: ‘Octavius treats me with the greatest distinction and friendship. Some call him Caesar. Philippus does not; therefore I do not. I am sure that he cannot be a good citizen, so many of those around him threaten death to our friends and say that these things cannot be borne. What think you when this boy shall come to Rome where our liberators cannot live in safety? They will always be famous, and happy also in the consciousness of what they have done. But, unless I am deceived, we shall be flat on our backs.’

38
. Nic. 17.

39
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.11; cf. 3.94.

40
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.11.

41
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.14.

42
. Dio 45.5.3–4.

43
. Plut.,
Ant
. 9.1–10.1.

44
. Dio 45.9.1; Cic.,
Philippicae
2.42.109.

45
. Plut.,
Ant
. 21.2; cf. 10.2. Presumably the
Domus Rostrata
, the house whose exterior walls were decorated with captured ships’ beaks.

46
. Plut.,
Ant
. 21.1.

47
. Huzar (1978), pp. 88–89, 94.

48
. Vell. Pat. 2.59.6: ‘
Cui adventanti Romam inmanis amicorum occurrit frequentia, et cum intraret urbem, solis orbis super caput eius curvatus aequaliter rotundatusque in colorem arcus velut coronam tanti mox viri capiti imponens conspectus est
.’

49
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.12.

50
. Cic.,
Ad Att
. 14.14.5; 16.14.4;
Philippicae
1.17; 2.35, 93; 8.26; Vell. Pat. 2.60.4; cf. Obsequens 68. Plut.,
Cic
. 43.8 states Antonius was withholding 25,000,000
drachmai
from the estate.

51
. Plut.,
Ant
. 16.1–2. Appian dramatizes the frank exchange of views in
Bell. Civ
. 3.15–21.

52
. Plut.,
Cic
. 45.1.

53
. Plut.,
Cic
. 43.3.

54
. Many modern historians insist on calling him Octavianus, or worse Octavian. I use the name Caesar, the name he chose for himself, for the same reasons as Dio 46.47.7–8: ‘I shall call him, not Octavianus, but Caesar, inasmuch as the latter name has prevailed among all who have held sway over the Romans. For although he acquired another name also – that of Augustus – and the emperors who succeeded him consequently assumed it also, that one will be described when it comes up in the history, and until then the title Caesar will be sufficient to show that Octavianus is indicated.’

55
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.94.

56
. App.,
Bell. Civ
. 3.94; Nic. 27; Dio 45.5.4. Many modern scholars argue the games were in honour of Caesar’s victories –
ludi Victoriae Caesaris
– but a compelling case is made for the games being held in honour of Venus Genetrix in Ramsey (1997), pp. 1–6 which contests the interpretation and proposes the games were to Venus Genetrix.

57
. Dio 45.7.1 refers to a star; Suet.,
Div. Iul
. 88 says the comet appeared for seven days at the eleventh hour each day. Caesar’s Comet is believed to be comet C/-43 K1 which Ramsey, Licht and Marsden (1997), pp. 3–4 deduced from astronomical calculations to have appeared over Rome 23–25 July 44 BCE.

58
. For a full discussion see Kenneth Scott, ‘The
Sidus Iulium
and the Apotheosis of Caesar’ in
Classical Philology
, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1941), pp. 257–272 and Robert A. Gurval, ‘Caesar’s Comet: The Politics and Poetics of an Augustan Myth’ in
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
, Vol. 42 (1997), pp. 39–71.

59
. Dio 45.7.2.

60
. Dio 45.7.2: ‘
καὶ διὰ ταῦτα καὶ οἱ στρατιῶται ἑτοίμως, ἄλλως τε καὶ χρήμασι θεραπευθέντων τινῶν, συνίσταντο πρὸς τὸν Καίσαρα
.’

61
. For a discussion see Ramage (1985), pp. 223–241.

62
. Dio 45.7.1; cf. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 2.94. Later a denarius was minted showing the comet of eight rays and upward pointing tail:
BMCRE
I 323, RIC 1 37b, RSC 98.

63
. E.g. Crawford 490.2.

64
. Crawford 497.2a-d

65
. Plut.,
Cic
. 43.4–5.

66
. Plut.,
Cic
. 43.6–7.

67
. Huzar (1978), pp. 97–98.

68
. Nic. 28.

69
. Nic., 29.115–119; Plut.,
Ant
. 16.3; App.,
Bell. Civ
. 2.111–115; Dio 45.8.1–2.