Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe (52 page)

CHAPTER 9
1. Haton, Mémoires, III, 340.
2. BN MS Fr 3338, fo. 38. Antoinette de Bourbon to Nemours, 22 November 1576.
3. Bouillé, III, 4.
4. Tommaseo, Relations, II, 639.
5. CSPF, 1583–4, 57.
6. CSPF, 1575–7, 210.
7. C. Valois (ed.), Histoire de la Ligue. Œuvre in édite d’un contemporain (Paris,
1914), 77–8.
8. CSPF, 1583–4, 620.
9. Carroll, Noble Power, 172.
10. BL Add MS 30833, fo. 503, 26 September 1578, Poggio to the dowager duchess.
11. Inferred from the fact that Roncherolles was lieutenant of his gendarmerie company from 1579 to 1582.
12. Pierre Hurtubise (ed.), Correspondance du nonce en France Antonio Maria Salviati (1572–1578), 2 vols. (Rome: Ecole Franaise de Rome, 1975), II, 506.
13. Haton, Mémoires, III, 394.
14. Pierre de l’Estoile, Registre-Journal du règne de Henri III, M. Lazard and
G. Schrenck (eds.), 6 vols. (1992–), IV, 77.
15. P. Chevallier, Henri III (Paris: Fayard, 1985), 410.
16. For this and following Haton, Mémoires, IV, 112, 359, 445.
17. L’Estoile, Registre-Journal, II, 43.
18. Ibid., II, 189.
19. D. Potter and P. Roberts, ‘An Englishman’s view of the court of Henri III’, French History, 2 (1988), 312–44.
20. Bouillé, III, 100–1.
21. CSPF, 1582, 3.
22. A. Cullière, Les ećrivains et le pouvoir en Lorraine au XVIe siècle (Paris: Champion, 1999), 280.
23. CSPF, 1583–4, 217.

CHAPTER 10
1. CSPF, 1583–4, 288–9.
2. CSPS, 1580–6, 361.
3. Ibid., 471.
4. The exceptions are: J. Bossy, ‘Elizabethan Catholicism: the link with France’, unpublished PhD thesis (University of Cambridge, 1960); K. Gibbons, ‘The experience of exile and English Catholics: Paris in the 1580s’, unpublished PhD thesis (University of York, 2006).
5. J. Kretzschmar, Die invasionsprojekte der katholischen mächte gegen England zur zeit Elisabeths (Leipzing, 1892), 134.
6. Dictionary of National Biography.
7. CSPS, 1580–6, 485.
8. CSPF, 1583, 158.
9. CSPF, 1583–4, 36.
10. Ibid, 299.
11. A. Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), 163.
12. X. Le Person Praticques et Praticqueurs. La vie politique à la fin du règne de Henri III (1574–1589) (Geneva: Droz, 1992), 67.
13. S. Carroll, ‘The revolt of Paris, 1588: Aristocratic insurgency and the mobilization of popular support’, French Historical Studies, XXIII (2000), 337.
14. Le Person, Praticques et Praticqueur, 53.
15. Boucher et al, Dictionnaire des guerres de religion, 311.
16. J.-A. de Thou, ‘Mémoires’, Michaud and Poujoulat (eds.), 1st ser., XI, 330–1.

CHAPTER 11
1. Inspired by the opening of Le Person’s Praticques et Praticqueurs, my interpretation differs fundamentally.
2. British Library Add MS 21361, fo. 9. These letters are often misdated and clearly refer to the events of 1585.
3. Printed in Le Person, Practiques et Praticqueurs, 592. The survival of the manuscript in both the papers of the Chancellor of Navarre and Lord Burghley is instructive.
4. British Library Add MS 21361, fo. 9
5. Ibid., fo. 13.
6. Ibid., fo. 2.
7. Ibid., fo. 14.
8. BN MS Fr 5806, fo. 70, 18 Feb. 1586.
9. CSPF, 1586, 363.
10. René de Lucinge, Lettres sur la cour d’Henri III en 1586 (Geneva: Droz, 1966),
203–4.
11. Quoted in A. Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion, 1542–1600 (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2004), 113.
12. Le Procèz-Verbal d’un nomme Nicolas Poulain, in Cimber and Danjou (eds.),
Archives Curieuses, XI, 301.
13. Quoted in Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion, 121.
14. Ibid., 111.
15. Quoted in De Lamar Jensen, Diplomacy and Dogmatism: Bernardino de Mendoza
and the French Catholic League (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press), 89.
16. CSPF, 1586–8, 315.
17. Quoted in Chevallier, Henri III, 390.
18. L’Estoile, Registre-Journal, VI, 13.
19. Quoted in Chevallier, Henri III, 600.
20. Ibid., 610.
21. L’ Estoile, Registre-Journal, V, 328.
22. Ibid.
23. BN MS Nouvelles Acquisitions Françaises 2743 fo. 134–5, Henri to Pisani, 27
Jan. 1588.
24. Chevallier, Henri III, 624.
25. For this and following: Carroll, ‘The revolt of Paris’, where detailed references can be found.
26. There are several conflicting versions of this interview; I have discounted l’Estoile’s account.
27. Chevallier, Henri III, 631.
28. Ibid., 635.
29. Ibid., 637.
30. L’Estoile, Registre-Journal, VI, 35.
31. Quoted in A. Soman, ‘The Parlement of Paris and the great witch hunt (1565–1640)’, Sixteenth-Century Journal, IX (1978), 30–44.

CHAPTER 12
1. Le Person, Praticques et Practiquers, 538.
2. Bouillé
, III, 290.
3. Quoted in Constant, Les Guise, 191.
4. Ibid., 205.
5. J. Loutchitsky, Documents inédits pour server à l’histore de la Réforme et de la
Ligue (Kiev, 1875), 225–7.
6. Constant, Les Guise, 166.
7. C.J. Mayer (ed.), Des Etats Géneŕaux et autres assemblées nationales, 18 vols.
(The Hague, 1789), XV, 350–1.
8. Chevallier, Henri III, 657.
9. Le Person, Praticques et Practiquers, 559.
10. Lalourcé and Duval (eds.), Receuil des pièces originales et authentiques concernant la tenue des états-geńeŕaux, 11 vols. (Paris, 1789), V, 125.
11. Constant, Les Guise, 223.
12. Ibid., 225.
13. Chevallier, Henri III, 661.
14. Constant, Les Guise, 226.
15. Ibid., 227.
16. Ibid., 10.
17. Chevallier, Henri III, 672.

EPILOGUE
1. J. Bergin, ‘The Guises and their benefices, 1588–1641’, English Historical
Review, XCIX (1983), 34–58.
2. P. Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 178. See also A. Wilkinson, ‘"Homicides Royaux": The
assassination of the Duc and Cardinal de Guise and the radicalization of French public opinion’, French History, XVIII (2004), 129–53.
3. Wilkinson, ‘Homicides Royaux’, 141.
4. Bouillé
, IV, 201.
5. J. Briggs, ‘Marlowe’s Massacre at Paris: A reconsideration’, Review of English Studies, XXXIV (1983), 257–78.
6. Des Crimes commis par les Princes Lorrains depuis leur
établissement en France, jusqu’aujourd’hui (Lausanne, 1789).

Any serious investigation of the Guise family must begin with René de Bouillé du Chariol’s monumental four volume
Histoire des ducs de Guise
(Paris, 1849–50), passages of which are translated and reproduced in extenso in Hugh Noel Williams’s
The Brood of False Lorraine: The history of the Ducs de Guise
,
1496–1588
(London, 1918). Henri Forneron,
Les ducs de Guise et leur époque
, 2 vols. (Plon, 1893) is more anecdotal and needs to be used with caution. The most recent work, Jean-Marie Constant’s,
Les Guise
(Paris, 1985), concentrates largely on the period of the League and the figure of Duke Henri I.

Other male members of the family are surprisingly poorly served by biographers. The starting point for the Cardinal of Lorraine remains Outram Evenett, The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Council of Trent (Cambridge, 1930), but a projected follow-up volume was never completed. Duke François is the subject of Sylvia Castro Shannon, ‘The political activity of François de Lorraine, duc de Guise (1559–1563): From military hero to Catholic leader’, PhD thesis (University of Boston, 1988), which relies heavily on printed sources. The work of Eric Durot (see below) on François’s career is only just beginning to appear in article form. In contrast, the Guise women are well served by biographies. Gabriel Pimodan,
La mère des Guises: Antoinette de Bourbon, 1494–1583
(Paris: Champion, 1925) contains numerous unpublished documents. Her eldest daughter, Marie, has been rehabilitated by Pamela Ritche in Mary of Guise in Scotland, 1548–1560: A political career (East Linton, 2002). Anne d’Este is also the subject of a recent German monograph: Christine Coester,
Schön wie Venus, mutig wie Mars: Anna d’Este von Guise und von Nemours, 1531–1607
(Munich, 2007). There are vast number of studies devoted to Mary Stuart. Antonia Fraser’s, Mary Queen of Scots (London. 1969), is still valuable. John Guy,
My Heart Is My Own: The life of Mary Queen of Scots
(London, 2004), is the most recent biography.

The sinews of Guise power are the subject of Stuart Carroll,
Noble Power during the French Wars of Religion: The Guise affinity and the Catholic cause in Normandy
(Cambridge, 1998). On their ecclesiastical wealth and patronage, see Joseph Bergin, ‘The decline and fall of the House of Guise as an ecclesiastical dynasty’,
Historical Journal, 25
(1982), 781–803 and ‘The Guises and their benefices, 1588–1641’,
English Historical Review, 99
(1983), 34–58; Joanne Baker, ‘Female monasticism and family strategy: The Guises and Saint Pierre de Reims’,
The Sixteenth-Century Journal, 28
(1997), 1091–108. Guise art patronage and their love of music is now well served by Yves Bellanger (ed.),
Le mećeńat et l’influence des Guises
(Paris, 1997), which should be supplemented by Eric Durot, ‘François de Lorraine (1520–1563): duc de Guise et nouveau Roi mage’,
Histoire Economie Société, 27
(2008), 3–16.

As for the key printed sources, the ‘Mémoires-journaux de François de Lorraine duc d’Aumale et de Guise, 1547 à 1563’, published in Michaud and Poujoulat, Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de France, are misleading. They are not memoirs in the modern sense of the word, but rather a collection of documents, which include correspondence, related to the duke’s public career. More intimate and anecodotal evidence is to be found in Pierre de Bourdeille,
Sieur de Brantôme, Oeuvres, L. Lalanne (ed.), 11 vols.
(Paris, 1864–82). Brantôme is notoriously unreliable, but he knew the Guise well and he had heard much of the gossip first hand. Some of the Guise’s correspondence (which is particularly voluminous for the period before 1560) is available in print: M. Wood ed.), ‘Foreign correspondence with Marie de Lorraine, Queen of Scotland, 1537–1548’,
Scottish Historical Society, 3rd series IV
(Edinburgh, 1925); D. Cuisiat,
Lettres du Charles cardinal de Lorraine, 1525–1574
(Geneva, 1998); J de Croze,
Les Guises, les Valois et Philippe II, 2 vols.
(Paris, 1866), reproduces much correspondence of the Simancas archives in Madrid relating to Henri de Guise.

Diplomatic correspondence conveys a great deal of information about the Guise, but has to be used with care since it is often hostile. The major sources are Calendar of State Papers,
Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth I
, J. Stevenson et al. (eds.) (London, 1863–1950); M. N. Tommaseo,
Relations des ambassadeurs veńitiens sur les affaires de France au XVIe siècle, 2 vols.
(Paris, 1838); E. Alberi (ed.),
Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato, 3 vols.
(Florence, 1839–1863); Archivo Documental Espanol,
Negociaciones con Francia (1559–1568), 11 vols.
(Madrid, 1950–1960); the
Acta Nuntiaturae Gallicae
, a multi-volume work which publishes the correspondence of the papal nuncios in France.

The rise of the Guise under Henry II is covered in F. Baumgartner,
Henry II King of France, 1547–1559
(Durham NC and London, 1988); L. Romier, Les origins politiques des guerres de religion, 2 vols. (Paris, 1913–14);
I. Cloulas, Henri II
(Paris, 1985); D. Potter, ‘The duc de Guise and the fall of Calais, 1557–8’,
English Historical Review, 98
(1983), 481–512.

The best short introduction to the French Wars of Religion is Mack Holt,
The French Wars of Religion, 2nd edn
(Cambridge, 2005). Eric Durot, ‘Le crépuscule de l’Auld Alliance: la légitimé du pouvoir en question entre Ecosse,’
France et Angleterre
(1558–1561)’,
Histoire, Economie, Société, 26
(2007), provides important detail on the French entanglement in Scotland. L. Romier,
La conjuration d’Amboise
(Paris, 1923) is still serviceable on the Calvinist threat to the regime of François II. Recent work is beginning to rediscover the radicalism of the Calvinist reformation: Philip Benedict, ‘The dynamics of Calvinist militancy, 1555–63’ in Benedict et al.,
Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands
(Amsterdam, 1999); Mark Greengrass ‘Regicide, martyrs and monarchical authority in France in the Wars of Religion’ in Robert von Friedeburg,
Murder and Monarchy: Regicide in European history, 1300–1800
(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005).

On the Guise religious position in the early 1560s: Thierry Wanegffelen,
Ni Rome ni Genève: des fidèles entre deux chaires en France à XVIe siècle
(Paris: Champion, 1997); Stuart Carroll, ‘The compromise of Charles Cardinal of Lorraine: New evidence’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 54
(2003), 469–83; Donald Nugent,
Ecumenism in the Age of the Reformation: The Colloquy of Poissy
(Harvard Mass., 1973); Alain Tallon,
La France et le concile de Trente
(Rome, 1997); Jean Harrie, ‘The Guises, the body of Christ, and the body politic’,
Sixteenth-Century Journal, 37
(2006), 43–58.