Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (155 page)

22 Amitai-Preiss,
Mongols
, 76–7.

23 Ibid., 71–3; Ayalon, D. “Auxiliary Forces,” 13–37, Ayalon, D. “Studies on the structure of the Mamluk army – I the army stationed in Egypt”,
BSOAS
16 (1953): 204; Ayalon, D., “Studies on the structure of the Mamluk army – II, The
”,
BSOAS
16 (1953): 448–66; Ayalon, “Wafidiya,” 90.

24 Isaac, B.,
The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the Ea
(Oxford, 1993), 14, 372–6; ibid., “Luttwak’s ‘Grand Strategy’ and the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire,” in
The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire
, eds D. H. French and C. S. Lightfoot,
BAR
international series, 553 (1989), pt. 1, 231–4. See n. 99, Parker, H. M. D.,
The Roman Legion
(Oxford, 1928), 259; Stark, F.,
Rome on the Euphrates
(London, 1966), 252; Keppie,
Roman Army
, 191–6.

25 Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh
(Lyons), 99.
and al-Tīna are located in Cilicia and belonged to the Teutonic Knights and the Templars.

26 Ibn
,
Tashrīf al-ayyām
fī sīrat al-malik
, ed. M. Kāmil (Cairo, 1961), 80.

27
mentions postal stages at the following fortresses: al-Bīra,
(i.e.
) and Baghrās,
,
, 195. Fortresses that had dovecotes: Safad, Qāqūn,
, al-Bīra and
.
,
al-sharīf
(Cairo, 1894), 197. Al-Bīra and
could also use fire signals if they were attacked at the night.
, 199–200. Amitai-Preiss,
Mongols
, 75; Silverstein, A. J.,
Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World
(Cambridge, 2007), 172, 176–9.