One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw (19 page)

spirit,
16
,
17
,
149

locksmiths,
63
,
74

London pattern screwdriver,
43
,
145

Louis XVI, King of France,
96

machines,
48
–
51

calculating,
107

milling,
24
,
48
–
51

mining and smelting,
51
,
53

scale-dividing,
97
–
99

scaling,
48

screw-making,
75
–
78
,
87
–
106

specialized,
102
–
3
,
107

water-driven,
24
,
48
,
53
,
76
,
137
–
38
,
139
–
43

wind-driven,
24
,
137
,
138
–
39

wooden,
51

see also
engines

mallets,
20
,
51

manacles,
54
,
55
,
91

Marcellus,
134
–
35

matchlocks,
57
–
61
,
70
,
124

mathematics,
133
–
35

Maudslay, Henry,
99
–
107
,
108
–
9
,
136

mauls,
20
,
40
–
41
,
150

Mechanical Exercises
(Nicholson),
29
,
31

Mechanick Exercises
(Moxon),
30
,
41
,
64

Medieval Housebook,
53
–
54
,
60
,
67
,
90
–
93
,
103
,
112

Melancolia I
(Dürer),
46
–
47

mensor aedificorum,
16
,
17

Mercer, Henry Chapman,
37
–
41

Mercer Museum,
40
–
41

Metropolitan Museum of Art,
23
,
57
–
66
,
67

micrometers,
109

microscopes,
14
,
99

Middle Ages,
14
,
37
,
89

tools of,
17
,
21
,
22
–
23
,
24
–
25
,
27
,
46
–
67
,
112

mills,
48
–
51

flour,
52

hand-cranked,
24
,
48
–
51

portable,
52

millstones,
47
,
49

mining,
51
,
87

Minoans,
21

mirrors,
137

miter boxes,
18

Moravian Pottery and Tile Works,
38
–
39

Morris, William,
38
,
39

mousetraps,
23
,
80

Moxon, Joseph,
29
–
30
,
36
,
37
,
41
,
64
,
74

multum in parvo
tools,
67

nail gun,
16

nails,
23
,
51
,
74

arming,
66

fabrication of,
70
–
71

iron,
21
,
47
,
51
,
69
–
71

pulling of,
20
,
21
,
70

screws vs.,
69
–
70
,
71
,
73
,
125

Nasmyth, James,
107
–
9

New England Screw Company,
77

New York Times,
13
,
44

Nicholson, Peter,
29
,
31

nuts,
30
,
63
,
105
,
117
,
122
,
124

wing,
64
,
65
,
71

wooden,
121

On Sphere-Making
(Archimedes),
133

optics,
14

Ovid,
133

Owner-Built Home, The
(Kern),
15

Oxford English Dictionary
(
OED
),
29
,
31
,
112

Pappus of Alexandria,
123
–
24

pegs,
21
,
49
,
121
,
122

petronels,
58
–
59

Phillips, Henry F.,
83
–
86

physics,
15
,
134

pincers,
23
,
47

armorer’s,
67
,
111

pipes, wooden,
51

pivot hooks,
62

planes,
19
,
27
,
31
,
41
,
89
,
112
,
150

Plato,
139

Pliny the Elder,
116
–
17

plumb bobs,
16
,
17

Plumier, Charles,
96
,
103

Plutarch,
133
,
134
–
35
,
136
,
138

poitrinal,
58

Pollard’s History of Firearms,
59
–
60
,
67

portcullis twisters,
48
,
54

presses,
113
–
18

beam,
116
–
17
,
121
–
22

linen,
113
–
14
,
116

olive and fruit,
113
,
115
,
117
,
125

paper,
113
,
115

printing,
113
,
114

screw,
115
–
18
,
122

Price, Derek J. de Solla,
127
,
131
–
32

production lines,
102

pulleys:

compound,
136
–
37

ships’,
102
,
138
–
39

pumps,
24
,
48
,
51

pyrites, iron,
60

radar,
55

Ramelli, Agostino,
47
–
51
,
52
,
53
,
54
,
74
,
95
,
137

Ramsden, Jesse,
97
–
99
,
103

regula,
17

Renaissance,
27
,
55

rennhut,
63

renntartsche,
63
,
64
–
66

rivets,
62
,
66
,
80

Roberts, Kenneth,
43

Roberts, Richard,
107
–
8

Robertson, Peter L.,
80
–
83
,
84
,
85
,
86

Rogers, Charles D.,
78

rollers,
49

Roman Empire,
37
,
45
,
113
,
115
,
127
,
134
–
35
,
136
,
140
–
41

tools of,
16
,
17
,
18
,
19
,
21
,
22
,
27
,
71
,
89
,
111
,
122
,
123
,
124
–
25
,
143

Roubo, A. J.,
32
–
33

rules,
47

folding,
17

Sakas, Ioannis,
137
–
38

Salaman, Raphael A.,
31
–
32

sanders,
15

saws,
17
–
19
,
23
,
24

circular,
15

frame,
18
,
19
,
111
,
151

origins of,
17
–
19

power,
15

revolving,
75

Roman frame,
111

see also
handsaws

scharfrennen,
62
–
63

Scotch pattern screwdriver,
43
,
145

screw bolts,
37

screwdrivers,
26
–
27
,
40
,
47
,
69

as adaptations,
37
,
111

auger-handled,
37

automated,
85
–
86

blades of,
33
,
43
,
67
,
78
,
81

definition of,
29

handles of,
27
,
31
,
35
,
37
,
43

magnetic,
79

origins and history of,
27
,
29
–
37
,
41
–
44
,
67

Phillips,
83
,
85

Robertson,
81
,
85
–
86

specialized,
31
–
32
,
43

spring-loaded,
81

see also specific screwdrivers