One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw (16 page)

12
.
Linda F. Dyke,
Henry Chapman Mercer: An Annotated Chronology
(Doylestown, Pa.: Bucks County Historical Society,
1989
),
11
.

13
.
Kenneth D. Roberts,
Some
19
th Century English Woodworking Tools: Edge & Joiner Tools and Bit Braces
(Fitzwilliam, N.H.: Ken Roberts Publishing Co.,
1980
).

14
.
See Witold Rybczynski, “One Good Turn,”
New York Times Magazine,
April
18
,
1999
,
133
.

1
.
Lynn White Jr., “The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities, and Consequences,”
Technology and Culture
3
(fall
1963
):
486
–
500
.

2
.
Martha Teach Gnudi, “Agostino Ramelli and Ambrose Bachot,”
Technology and Culture
15
, no.
4
(October
1974
):
619
.

3
.
The Various and Ingenious Machines of Agostino Ramelli (
1588
),
trans. Martha Teach Gnudi (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1976
),
508
.

4
.
Bert S. Hall, “A Revolving Bookcase by Agostino Ramelli,”
Technology and Culture
11
, no.
4
(July
1970
):
397
.

5
.
Georgius Agricola,
De Re Metallica,
trans. H. C. Hoover and L. H. Hoover (New York: Dover Publications,
1950
),
364
.

6
.
Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg,
Venus and Mars: The
World of the Medieval Housebook
(Munich: Prestel-Verlag,
1998
),
8
.

7
.
Hugh B. C. Pollard,
Pollard’s History of Firearms,
Claude Blair, ed. (New York: Macmillan,
1983
),
29
.

8
.
John Keegan,
A History of Warfare
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
1993
),
329
.

9
.
Fernand Braudel,
The Structures of Everyday Life: Vol. I, The Limits of the Possible,
trans. Siân Reynolds (New York: Harper & Row,
1981
),
392
.

10
.
Pollard,
Pollard’s History of Firearms,
55
.

11
.
Ibid.,
35
.

12
.
Ibid.,
18
.

13
.
Joseph Moxon,
Mechanick Exercises: or, the Doctrine of Handy-Works
(London: J. Moxon,
1693
),
33
–
34
.

14
.
Charles John Ffoulkes,
The Armourer and His Craft: From the XIth to the XVIth Century
(New York: Benjamin Blom,
1967
),
55
.

15
.
Claude Blair,
European Armour: circa
1066
to circa
1700
(London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.,
1958
),
162
.

16
.
Ffoulkes,
Armourer and His Craft,
24
.

17
.
Ibid., plate V.

1
.
Georgius Agricola,
De Re Metallica,
trans. H. C. Hoover and L. H. Hoover (New York: Dover Publications,
1950
),
364
.

2
.
G. H. Baillie, C. Clutton, and C. A. Ilbert,
Britten’s Old Clocks and Watches and Their Makers
(New York: E. P. Dutton,
1956
),
14
.

3
.
Ibid.,
64
.

4
.
Joseph Chamberlain, “Manufacture of Iron Wood Screws,” in British Association for the Advancement of Science, Committee on Local Industries,
The Resources, Products, and Industrial History of Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District
(London: R. Hardwicke,
1866
),
605
–
6
.

5
.
Henry C. Mercer,
Ancient Carpenters’ Tools: Together with Lumbermen’s,
Joiners’ and Cabinet Makers’ Tools in Use in the Eighteenth Century
(Doylestown, Pa.: Bucks County Historical Society,
1975
),
259
.

6
.
Quoted by H. W. Dickinson, “Origin and Manufacture of Wood Screws,”
Transactions of the Newcomen Society
22
(
1941
–
42
):
80
.

7
.
Ibid.,
81
.

8
.
Ibid.,
89
.

9
.
Ken Lamb,
P.L.: Inventor of the Robertson Screw
(Milton, Ont.: Milton Historical Society,
1998
),
35
.

10
.
Ibid.,
16
.

11
.
Henry F. Phillips and Thomas M. Fitzpatrick, “Screw,” U.S. patent number
2
,
046
,
839
, July
7
,
1936
.

12
.
American Screw Company to Henry F. Phillips, March
27
,
1933
.

13
.
Mead Gliders, Chicago, to American Screw Company, April
26
,
1938
.

14
.
Wentling Woodcrafters, Camden, N.J., to American Screw Company, June
15
,
1938
.

15
.
“The Phillips Screw Company” (unpublished paper, Phillips Screw Company, Wakefield, Mass.).

16
.
Consumer Reports
60
, no.
11
(November
1995
):
695
.

1
.
L. T. C. Rolt,
A Short History of Machine Tools
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
1965
),
59
.

2
.
Robert S. Woodbury,
Studies in the History of Machine Tools
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
1972
),
20
–
21
.

3
.
Ibid.,
49
.

4
.
Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg,
Venus and Mars: The World of the Medieval Housebook
(Munich: Prestel-Verlag,
1998
),
88
.

5
.
Jacques Besson,
Theatrum Machinarum
(Lyon:
1578
), plate IX.

6
.
Charles Plumier,
L’art de tourner
(Lyon:
1701
).

7
.
Maurice Daumas and André Garanger, “Industrial Mechanization,” in
A History of Technology & Invention,
Maurice Daumas, ed., trans. Eileen B. Hennessy (New York: Crown Publishers,
1969
),
271
.

8
.
James Nasmyth,
James Nasmyth, Engineer: An Autobiography
(London: John Murray,
1885
),
136
.

9
.
Ibid.,
144
.

10
.
Ibid.,
128
.

11
.
L. T. C. Rolt,
Great Engineers
(London: G. Bell and Sons,
1962
),
105
.

12
.
Samuel Smiles,
Industrial Biography: Iron-Workers and Tool-Makers
(Boston: Ticknor & Fields,
1864
),
282
.

1
.
Samuel Smiles,
Industrial Biography: Iron-Workers and Tool-Makers
(Boston: Ticknor & Fields,
1864
),
337
.

2
.
Ibid.,
223
.

3
.
Ibid.,
312
.

4
.
Ibid.,
204
(author’s translation).

5
.
W. L. Goodman,
The History of Woodworking Tools
(London: G. Bell & Sons,
1964
),
105
.

6
.
Vitruvius,
The Ten Books on Architecture,
trans. Morris Hicky Morgan (New York: Dover Publications,
1960
),
184
.

7
.
A. G. Drachmann, “Ancient Oil Mills and Presses,”
Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Archaeologisk-kunsthistoriske Meddelelser
1
, no.
1
(
1932
):
73
.

8
.
Ibid.,
76
.

9
.
Bertrand Gille, “Machines,” in
A History of Technology,
vol.
2
, Charles Joseph Singer et al., eds. (New York: Oxford University Press,
1957
),
631
–
32
.

10
.
John James Hall, “The Evolution of the Screw: Its Theory and Practical Application,”
Horological Journal,
July
1929
,
269
–
70
.

11
.
Quoted in John W. Humphrey et al.,
Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook
(London: Routledge,
1998
),
56
.

12
.
A. G. Drachmann, “Heron’s Screwcutter,”
Journal of Hellenic Studies
56
(
1936
):
72
–
77
.

13
.
Quoted in Humphrey et al.,
Greek and Roman Technology,
56
.

14
.
Quoted in Hall, “Evolution of the Screw: Its Theory and Practical Application,”
Horological Journal,
August
1929
:
285
.

15
.
Vitruvius,
Ten Books,
285
.

16
.
Henry C. Mercer,
Ancient Carpenters’ Tools: Together with Lumbermen’s, Joiners’ and Cabinet Makers’ Tools in Use in the Eighteenth Century
(Doylestown, Pa.: Bucks County Historical Society,
1975
),
273
.

1
.
Derek J. de Solla Price, “Gears from the Greeks: The Antikythera Mechanism—a Calendar Computer from ca.
80
B.C.,
”
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
64
, pt.
7
(November
1974
):
51
.

2
.
Derek J. de Solla Price, “Clockwork Before the Clock,”
Horological Journal
(December
1955
):
810
–
14
.

3
.
Derek J. de Solla Price, “An Ancient Greek Computer,”
Scientific American,
June
1959
,
60
–
67
.

4
.
Ibid.,
66
.

5
.
Ibid.,
67
.

6
.
Quoted in John W. Humphrey et al.,
Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook
(London: Routledge,
1998
),
57
–
58
.

7
.
Claudius Claudianus,
Shorter Poems
51
, in Humphrey et al.,
Greek and Roman Technology,
58
.

8
.
Quoted in
The Works of Archimedes,
T. L. Heath, ed. (New York: Dover Publications,
1953
), xviii.

9
.
Vitruvius,
The Ten Books on Architecture,
trans. Morris Hicky Morgan (New York: Dover Publications,
1960
),
254
.

10
.
Quoted in E. J. Dijksterhuis,
Archimedes,
trans. C. Dikshoorn (Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard,
1956
),
13
.

11
.
New York Times,
November
11
,
1973
.

12
.
Quoted in D. L. Simms, “Archimedes’ Weapons of War and Leonardo,”
British Journal of the History of Science
21
(
1988
):
196
.