One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America (57 page)

18
.
NYT
, 27 January, 25 February, 31 March, 25 August 1959; DVD recording,
CBS Reports: Storm over the Supreme Court: The School Prayer Case
(Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2004); Theodore Leskes and Sol Rabkin, memorandum for American Jewish Committee,
“Engel v. Vitale,
New York Public School Prayer Case,” Box 1365, ACLU; “New York Court Hands Down Compromise Decision,” press release, 30 November 1959, Box 1365, ACLU; Friendly and Elliott,
The Constitution,
120; 206 N.Y.S. 2d 183 (1960) 188.

19
. 10 N.Y. 2d 174 (1961) 180–181.

20
. Some assumed the justices would simply let the lower courts' rulings stand without review, but in January 1962 a strong majority—seven out of nine—voted to hear arguments in the case that term. Justice Charles Whittaker was the sole vote against, with no vote recorded for Justice Potter Stewart. See notes, “Engel et al. v. Vitale et al.,” 23 January 1962, Box 1276, WOD.

21
.
CBS Reports: Storm over the Supreme Court;
audio recording, oral arguments,
Engel v. Vitale,
370 U.S. 420 (1962), Oyez Project, Chicago-Kent College of Law (
www.oyez.org/cases/1960–1969/1961/1961_468/
); Michal R. Belknap, “God and the Warren Court: The Quest for a ‘Wholesome Neutrality,'”
Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal
9 (1999): 404; Friendly and Elliott,
The Constitution,
121–122.

22
. Oral arguments,
Engel v. Vitale,
370 U.S. 420 (1962).

23
. Ibid.

24
. Ibid.

25
.
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,
30 March 1962; Roger K. Newman,
Hugo Black: A Biography
(New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), 482, 520–521; William O. Douglas, handwritten notes, “Conference, April 3, 1962, No. 468—Engel v. Vitale,” Box 1276, WOD.

26
. Newman,
Black,
521; Wayne Flynt, “Justice Hugo Black, Judge Roy Moore, the Ten Commandments, and Southern Identity: The Supreme Court and Southern Evangelicalism,” paper in author's possession; Wayne Flynt,
Alabama Baptists: Southern Baptists in the Heart of Dixie
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998), 246–262; Hugo Black Jr.,
My Father: A Remembrance
(New York: Random House, 1975), 172–174.

27
. Newman,
Black,
361–365.

28
. Hugo L. Black and Elizabeth Black,
Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black
(New York: Random House, 1986), 95; Flynt, “Justice Hugo Black”; Newman,
Black,
521–522.

29
. Black and Black,
Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black,
95; “While Most Believe in God . . . ,”
Newsweek,
9 July 1962, 11; Flynt, “Justice Hugo Black”; Newman,
Black,
522–523; James E. Clayton,
The Making of Justice: The Supreme Court in Action
(New
York: E. P. Dutton, 1964), 21; Theodore Powell, “The School Prayer Battle,”
Saturday Review,
20 April 1963, 63.

30
. 370 U.S. 435, n. 21.

31
. William O. Douglas to Hugo [Black], n.d. [1962], Box 1276, WOD; 370 U.S. 436; 370 U.S. 436 n. 1.

32
. 370 U.S. 450.

33
. Friendly and Elliot,
The Constitution,
125; Powell, “The School Prayer Battle,” 62; William A. Hachten, “Journalism and The Prayer Decision,”
Columbia Journalism Review,
Fall 1962, copy in Box 11, SBC-CLC.

34
. Hachten, “Journalism and The Prayer Decision,” copy in Box 11, SBC-CLC.

35
.
Washington Post,
13 September 1960;
CSM,
30 January 1961.

36
. “While Most Believe in God . . . ,” 11; Hachten, “Journalism and The Prayer Decision,” copy in Box 11, SBC-CLC;
US News and World Report,
9 July 1962.

37
. Barry Goldwater, “Blow to Our Spiritual Strength,”
LAT,
n.d. [1962], Box 358, HLB; Friendly and Elliot,
The Constitution,
125; US Congress, House, 87th Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR,
27 September 1964, 21100–21102;
Religious Herald,
18 October 1962; news clippings, Fred Marshall Papers, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.

38
. Mary D. Carter to Black, 19 April 1962, Box 355, HLB; Petition to Justices of the Supreme Court, n.d. [1962], Box 355, HLB; Mrs. Shadwell S. H. Bowyer to Black, 10 December 1963, Box 357, HLB.

39
. Mary K. Woolpert to Black, 26 June 1962, Box 361, HLB; Mrs. A. C. McGill Sr., to Black, 4 March 1963, Box 355, HLB; Eula Phillips to Black, n.d., Box 361, HLB; R. W. Ricketts to Black, n.d. [1962], Box 362, HLB; Mary Crum to Black, 4 July 1962, Box 359, HLB.

40
. Newman,
Black,
523–524; Black and Black,
Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black,
95.

41
. Edward O. Miller, “True Piety and the Regents' Prayer,”
Christian Century,
1 August 1962, 934;
NYT
, 21 September 2000.

42
.
NYT,
26 June 1962; Reinhold Niebuhr, “A Dissenting Opinion,”
New Leader,
9 July 1962, 3; William J. Butler and James A. Pike, “Has the Supreme Court Outlawed Religious Observance in the Schools?”
Reader's Digest,
October 1962, 78–85.

43
. Religious News Service, Bulletin, “The Week in Religion,” 21 July 1962, Box 1365, ACLU; Executive Committee of the National Association of Evangelicals, “Statement on the Supreme Court Ruling Regarding ‘Regents' Prayer,'” n.d. [1962], Box 66, NAE; Charles D. Burge to the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, 2 August 1962, Box 4, ROF; Robert O. Ferm to Mrs. William Gunnet, 24 August 1962, Box 4, ROF.

44
. “The Court Decision—and the School Prayer Furor,”
Newsweek,
9 July 1962, 45; Daniel K. Williams,
God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 63;
Christian Beacon,
13 September 1962.

45
. As of 1956, Bible reading was required by law in Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. It was permitted by law or judicial decision in Colorado, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Texas. Bible reading was
permitted, under general terms of the law or by judicial silence, in Connecticut, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. The states that had banned the practice were Arizona, California, Illinois, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. See Dierenfield,
Religion in American Public Schools,
21.

46
. Dierenfield,
Religion in American Public Schools,
51.

47
. Handbook, State of Idaho, Department of Education, “List of Selections from the Standard American Version of the Bible,” n.d. [1950s], Box 801, ACLU; Handbook, Board of Education, Little Rock Public Schools, “Character and Spiritual Education,” September 1954, Box 800, ACLU.

48
. These were Colorado, Georgia, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas.

49
. These were Illinois, Louisiana, South Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin.

50
. The quoted opinions come from
Wilkerson v. City of Rome,
152 Ga. 652 (1921) and
People v. Board of Education of District 24,
92 N.E. 251 (Illinois, 1910), both cited in Dierenfield,
Religion in American Public Schools,
34–35.

51
. Joseph Lewis to Stanley C. Fellows, 3 May 1950, Box 1669, ACLU; George Soll to Joseph Lewis, 19 July 1950, Box 1669, ACLU; Spencer Coxe, draft statement, “Re: Schempp Case,” 13 February 1958, Box 1669, ACLU;
CT
, 18 June 1963; DVD recording,
CBS Reports: Storm over the Supreme Court: Bible-Reading in the Public Schools
(Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2004); [unknown], address on Schempp case, 17 June 1962, Box 1669, ACLU.

52
. Spencer Coxe, office memorandum, “Re: Bible Reading in Public Schools,” 11 March 1957, Box 1669, ACLU; Spencer Coxe, draft statement, “Re: Schempp Case,” 13 February 1958, Box 1669, ACLU; “Weekly Bulletin,” 23 June 1958, Box 1669, ACLU; [unknown], address on Schempp case, 17 June 1962, Box 1669, ACLU.

53
. Sol Rabkin and Theodore Leskers, memorandum, “Schempp v. School District of Abington Township,” 2 October 1959, Box 1669, ACLU; “Weekly Bulletin,” 20 February 1961, Box 1669, ACLU; [unknown], address on Schempp case, 17 June 1962, Box 1669, ACLU; “Weekly Bulletin,” 7 May 1962, Box 1669, ACLU.

54
. Helen H. Ludwig, “The Baltimore Lord's Prayer Court Case,”
Background Reports,
copy in Box 805, ACLU; Irving Murray to Leanne Golden, 21 October 1963, Box 806, ACLU; Roland Watts to Harold Buchman, 12 January 1961, Box 805, ACLU; Madalyn E. Murray to Harold Buchman, 18 January 1961, Box 805, ACLU; Harold Buchman to Madalyn E. Murray, 23 January 1961, Box 805, ACLU; Roland Watts to Ludlow P. Mahan Jr., 17 May 1961, Box 805, ACLU.

55
. Sol Rabkin and Theodore Leskes, memorandum, “Murray v. Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City,” n.d. [1962], Box 1952, ACLU; Ludwig, “The Baltimore Lord's Prayer Court Case.”

56
. Peter Irons and Stephanie Guitton, eds.,
May It Please the Court: The Most Significant Oral Arguments Made Before the Supreme Court Since 1955
(New York: The New Press, 1993), 61–69.

57
. “Supreme Court Hears Religion Cases,”
Church and State,
April 1963, 6.

58
. Memorandum, “No. 142,” Box 1295, WOD; conference notes, “No. 142—School Dist. of Abington Township v. Schempp,” 1 March 1963, Box 1295, WOD; Michal R. Belknap, “God and the Warren Court,” 435.

59
. Ed Cray,
Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 387; Mimi Clark Gronlund,
Supreme Court Justice Tom Clark: A Life of Service
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010), 212; Alvin Warnock, “Associate Justice Tom C. Clark: Advocate of Judicial Reform,” Ph.D. diss., University of Georgia, 1972, 259; Ellis M. West, “Justice Tom Clark and American Church-State Law,”
Journal of Presbyterian History
54 (1976): 387–388, 400; Newman,
Black,
523.

60
. Belknap, “God and the Warren Court,” 436; 374 U.S. 206, 208.

61
. “The Meaning of the Supreme Court Decision,” news clipping [1963], Box 11, SBC-CLC; Gronlund,
Supreme Court Justice Tom Clark,
197; 374 U.S. 222.

62
. 374 U.S. 212–213.

63
. Memorandum, clerk [“MJF”] to Justice Tom Clark, 22 May 1963, Tom C. Clark Papers, Tarlton Law Library, University of Texas, Austin, Texas; online collection (
http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/clark/schempp.html
; accessed 14 August 2012); Paul G. Kauper, “The Warren Court: Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations,”
Michigan Law Review
67 (December 1968): 282–283; 374 U.S. 306; 374 U.S. 303, 304.

64
. “The Meaning of the Supreme Court Decision,” news clipping,
Christianity Today
[1963], Box 11, SBC-CLC;
CT
, 18 June 1963;
CSM,
19 June 1963; “The Supreme Court: Bible Reading and Prayer,” reprint,
The Dialogue
[1963], Box 11, SBC-CLC.

65
.
CSM,
19 June 1963; “The Supreme Court: Bible Reading and Prayer.”

66
. “The Supreme Court: Bible Reading and Prayer”; Williams,
God's Own Party,
65; Billy James Hargis, “America: Let's Get Back to God!”
Christian Crusade,
August 1963, 26.

67
. “Impact of the Ruling,” news clipping,
Christianity Today
[1963], Box 11, SBC-CLC;
Time,
19 June 1964; William M. Beaney and Edward N. Beiser, “Prayer and Politics: The Impact of
Engel
and
Schempp
on the Political Process,”
Journal of Public Law
13 (1964): 484.

CHAPTER 7: “OUR SO-CALLED RELIGIOUS LEADERS”

1
.
CT
, 2 October 1963;
LAT,
2 October 1963; Donald H. Gill, “Will the Bible Get Back into School?,”
Eternity,
May 1964, 9; petition, Citizens Congressional Committee [October 1963], Drawer 72, AWR.

2
.
LAT,
2 October 1963; Charles W. Winegarner to “Dear Congressman,” 25 September 1963, Drawer 72, AWR; Winegarner to A. Willis Robertson, Drawer 72, AWR.

3
. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “Inside Report,”
NYHT,
12 May 1964; Gerald L. K. Smith, “We Are in Trouble!!!,”
The Cross and the Flag,
December 1963, 3, 21;
WP
, 17 May 1964.

4
.
WP,
17 May 1964; Group Research Report, “Prayer Amendment Draws Extremist Support,” 1 May 1964, Box 808, ACLU; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 486–487;
Milwaukee Journal,
6 August 1963.