One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America (58 page)

5
.
NYT
, 4 July 1962, 25 July 1963;
Time,
19 June 1964;
US News and World Report,
4 May 1964; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 492; Donald R. Reich, “The Supreme Court and Public Policy: The School Prayer Cases,”
Phi Delta Kappan,
September 1966, 30; Gill, “Will the Bible Get Back into School?,” 9.

6
. Biographical sketch, FJB; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 494; H. J. Res. 752, 87th Cong., 2d Sess.

7
. Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 494–495.

8
.
WP,
27 June 1962;
BG,
27 June 1962.

9
. US Congress, House, 88th Cong., 1st Sess.,
CR,
19 June 1963, 10557; Belknap, “God and the Warren Court,” 446.

10
. US Congress, House, 88th Cong., 1st Sess.,
CR,
14 August 1963, A5156–A5157; annual report, Association for the Advancement of Atheism, n.d., Box 2, Series IV, FJB; US Congress, House, 88th Cong., 1st Sess.,
CR,
19 August 1963, 14477; news clipping and speech transcript, “Extension of Remarks,” 19 September 1963, Box 2, Series IV, FJB; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 496.

11
. Program, School Prayer Amendment Rally, 22 September 1963, Box 2, Series IV, FJB; Rev. George T. Cook, prepared remarks, 22 September 1963, Box 2, Series IV, FJB; US Congress, House, 88th Cong., 1st Sess.,
CR,
17 October 1963, A6536–A6537.

12
. US Congress, House, 88th Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR,
20 February 1964, A799; James E. Powers, “The Roots of Americanism Are Spiritual,”
American Legion Magazine,
September 1963, copy in ALM; American Legion, news release, 20 December 1963, Box 4, Series IV, FJB; American Legion, National Legislative Commission, “Voluntary Prayer in Schools,” 10 January 1964, ALM; Maurice T. Webb to members, National Americanism Commission, 19 December 1963, Box 4, Series IV, FJB; memorandum to department legislative chairmen, American Legion Auxiliary, 13 January 1964, ALM; “American Legion Fact Sheet,” n.d. [January 1964], ALM;
WSJ,
22 April 1964.

13
.
BG,
1 December 1963; report, Constitutional Prayer Amendment, Inc., n.d. [1963], Box 809, ACLU.

14
. Report, Constitutional Prayer Amendment, Inc., n.d. [1963], Box 809, ACLU; Robert L. Mauro to Daniel Foley, 28 March 1964, ALM;
BS,
5 October 1963, 18 February 1964.

15
.
NYT
, 23 April 1964; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 495–496;
WSJ,
22 April 1964; Belknap, “God and the Warren Court,” 446.

16
.
NYT
, 20 March 1964;
WP,
21 March 1964; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 497; Becker, “The Prayer Hearings: Bane or Blessing?,” press release, 25 March 1964, ALM.

17
. Leanne Golden to affiliates, 12 March 1964, Box 808, ACLU;
WP,
21 March 1964; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 497; “A Discussion of Efforts to Amend the First Amendment,” confidential report, 17 March 1964, Box 808, ACLU.

18
. Though attendance at their meetings varied, they typically included representatives of Protestant bodies such as the National Council of Churches, United Presbyterian Church, Baptist Joint Committee, Seventh-day Adventists, Friends Committee, and Unitarian Fellowship for Social Justice; Jewish organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League, American Jewish Congress, and Union of American Hebrew Congregations; and civil libertarians aligned with the ACLU. See “Meeting in Washington to Discuss Efforts to Amend the First Amendment,” confidential report, 4 April 1964, Box 809, ACLU.

19
.
NYT,
14 May 1997;
WP,
18 May 1997;
WSJ,
22 April 1964; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 495–497.

20
. “Report of a Second Meeting to Consider Measures to Oppose Amendment of the First Amendment,” confidential report, 1 April 1964, Box 809, ACLU; “Meeting in Washington to Discuss Efforts to Amend the First Amendment,” confidential report, 4 April 1964, Box 809, ACLU; “Action Meeting on Becker Amendment,” report, 20–21 April 1964, Box 809, ACLU.

21
. Memorandum, “U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary,” n.d. [1964], Box 809, ACLU; “Report of a Second Meeting to Consider Measures to Oppose Amendment of the First Amendment,” confidential report, 1 April 1964, Box 809, ACLU; “Meeting in Washington to Discuss Efforts to Amend the First Amendment,” confidential report, 4 April 1964, Box 809, ACLU; memorandum, “Opinions on the Becker Bill,” 21 April 1964, Box 808, ACLU; Alan Reitman to Mr. Speiser, 2 April 1964, Box 808, ACLU.

22
. “Report on Hearings on Becker Amendment,”
Report from the Capital,
April–May 1964, 4; Beaney and Beiser, “Prayer and Politics,” 499;
NYT
, 23 April 1964.

23
. Dean Kelley, “Analysis of Hearings on Constitutional Amendments to Permit Prayer and Bible-Readings in Public Schools” [April 1964], Box 808, ACLU; Clay Risen,
The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act
(New York: Bloomsbury, 2014), 141–158.

24
. US Congress, House, 88th Cong., 2nd Sess., Committee on the Judiciary, “Proposed Amendments to the Constitution Relating to Prayers and Bible Readings in the Public Schools,” 22–24 and 28–30 April; 1, 6–8, 13–15, 20–21, and 27–28 May; 3 June 1964 (hereafter cited as “Becker Amendment Hearings”), Pt. I, 212, 215–216, 219–221, 230, 244, 259.

25
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. I, 309, 376–377, 437, 375.

26
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. I, 314, 427, 320–321, 306.

27
. Dean Kelley, “Analysis of Hearings on Constitutional Amendments to Permit Prayer and Bible-Readings in Public Schools” [April 1964], Box 808, ACLU; Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. I, 420, 424, 520, 594.

28
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. I, 660, 667, 666.

29
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. I, 774, 778; Pt. II, 1077, Pt. III, 2096.

30
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. III, 1973, Pt. II, 1192, 979, Pt. III, 2233.

31
.
CSM,
30 March 1964;
Christian Century,
1 April 1964.

32
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. I, 829; Pt. II, 975–976.

33
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. I, 902; Pt. II, 987, 1008, 1560.

34
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. II, 1039, 1041–1042.

35
. Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. II, 1209–1210, 1211, 1213, 1229–1232.

36
.
Louisville Journal-Courier,
11 May 1964.

37
.
NYT,
28 May 1964;
Time,
19 June 1964;
Louisville Journal-Courier,
11 May 1964;
WSJ,
16 July 1964; report, Department of Religious Liberty, National Council of Churches, 15 July 1964, Box 809, ACLU.

38
. “Becker Challenges Celler,” press release, 11 August 1964, Box 6, Series IV, FJB;
LAT
, 7 July 1964;
WSJ,
16 July 1964; report, Department of Religious Liberty, National Council of Churches, 15 July 1964, Box 809, ACLU;
WP,
9 July 1964;
BS,
28 June 1964.

39
. E. V. Toy Jr., “The National Lay Committee and the National Council of Churches: A Case Study of Protestants in Conflict,”
American Quarterly
21 (Summer 1969): 190–209.

40
. C. Emanuel Carlson, executive director's report, Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, 5–6 October 1965, Box 8, SBC-ECR; Becker Amendment Hearings, Pt. III, 2227; K. Owen White to C. Emanuel Carlson, 27 March 1964, Box 1, KOW; K. Owen White to C. Emanuel Carlson, 2 April 1964, Box 1, KOW; K. Owen White to Rev. Krama Fay DeSha, 8 April 1964, Box 1, KOW.

41
. K. Owen White, “Southern Baptists at the Crossroads,” article draft, Box 1, KOW; “Religious Liberty Resolution,” 22 May 1964, Box 11, SBC-CLC;
WP,
23 May 1964;
CT
, 23 May 1964.

42
. Ray M. White to Francis B. Burch, 5 January 1965, Folder 2064, EMD; Strom Thurmond to Burch, 6 January 1965, Folder 2064, EMD; George Murphy to Burch, 8 March 1965, Folder 2065, EMD; J. Caleb Boggs to Burch, 4 January 1965, Folder 2064, EMD.

43
. James O. Eastland to Burch, 13 April 1965, Folder 2066, EMD; Hugh Scott to Burch, 2 February 1965, Folder 2065, EMD.

44
. Robert F. Kennedy to Burch, 25 July 1965, Folder 2066, EMD; Wayne Morse to Burch, 12 April 1965, Folder 2066, EMD; Vance Hartke to Burch, 17 February 1965, Folder 2065, EMD; Daniel K. Inyoue to Burch, 5 January 1965, Folder 2064, EMD.

45
. William Barry Furlong, “The Senate's Wizard of Ooze: Dirksen of Illinois,”
Harper's Magazine,
December 1959, 44–49; Dirksen to Burch, 8 March 1965, Folder 2065, EMD; Everett Dirksen,
The Education of a Senator
(Pekin, IL: Dirksen Center, 1998), 6;
WP,
4 July 1966.

46
. US Congress, Senate, 89th Cong., 2nd Sess.,
CR,
22 March 1966, 1700; 6176–6277;
LAT,
23 March 1966;
NYT
, 23 March 1966;
CT
, 23 March 1966.

47
.
LAT,
24 March 1966; Baptist Press, “Dirksen Amendment Set for Hearings,” report, 17 July 1966, Box 14, HFP; Everett Dirksen to Birch Bayh, 7 April 1966, Folder 2158, EMD.

48
. Burch to Clyde Flynn, 30 March 1966, Folder 2066, EMD;
WP,
7 April, 10 August 1966;
CT
, 19 June, 27 August 1966;
BS,
20 April 1966;
LAT
, 22 July 1966.

49
. US Congress, Senate, 89th Cong., 2nd Sess., Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments, “School Prayer,” 1–5, 8 August 1962 (hereafter cited as “Dirksen Amendment Hearings”).

50
. Dirksen Amendment Hearings, 9–10, 12.

51
. Ibid., 13, 19;
LAT,
2 August 1966;
NYT,
27 April 1999.

52
. Dirksen Amendment Hearings, 36–37.

53
. Ibid., 211–212, 276;
WP,
3 August 1966.

54
. Dirksen Amendment Hearings, 279, 283–285.

55
. Ibid., 213–214; Thomas G. Cash to Pascall, n.d. [August 1966], Box 14, HFP; Eva A. Simmons to Paschall, 26 August 1966, Box 14, HFP; Paschall to Simmons, 10 September 1966, Box 14, HFP; Paschall to Anna Caughron, 28 September 1966, Box 14, HFP.

56
.
CT
, 7 August 1966;
LAT
, 29 August 1966.

57
.
LAT
, 17 September 1966;
CT
, 17 and 20 September 1966;
BS,
21 September 1966;
WP,
24 September 1966.

58
.
NYT
, 22 September 1966;
CT
, 20–21 September 1966;
BG,
20 September 1966.

59
.
BG,
21–22 September 1966;
CT
, 22 September 1966.

60
.
NYT
, 22 September 1966;
CSM,
26 September 1966.

CHAPTER 8: “WHICH SIDE ARE YOU ON?”

1
.
Hackensack Record,
8 February 1965.

2
.
Newark Star-Ledger,
13 November 1964;
WSJ,
11 December 1964; “Super Silly Season in Religion Is Upon Us,” press release, 18 December 1964, Box 808, ACLU;
Hackensack Record,
8 and 9 February 1965.

3
.
Coatesville
(PA)
Record,
17 November 1964; Emil Oxfeld to the mayor and council, 28 January 1965, Box 812, ACLU;
Hackensack Record,
8 and 10 February 1965;
CT
, 27 August 1965.

4
. Walter J. Lantry to Commander Johnson, 26 May 1965, ALM; Paul F. Hart to John E. Davis, 19 April 1967, ALM;
Rutgers Daily Targum,
18 October 1965; Marilyn B. Young,
The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 139, 197.

5
.
Hackensack Record,
10 February 1965;
Interplay of European-American Affairs
2 (1968): 47;
WP,
19 October 1968.

6
. Martin,
Prophet with Honor,
278–280; Rick Perlstein,
Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America
(New York: Scribner, 2008), 59.

7
. David Aikman,
Billy Graham: His Life and Influences
(Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2007), 207; Martin,
Prophet with Honor,
350–355.

8
. Walker Percy,
Lancelot
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977), 220; Gibbs and Duffy,
The Preacher and the Presidents,
199; Frady,
Billy Graham,
452; Martin,
Prophet with Honor,
360–361.

9
. Martin,
Prophet with Honor,
355.

10
.
LAT,
21 January 1969.

11
. Charles P. Henderson Jr.,
The Nixon Theology
(New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 3–4;
Bulletin of International Christian Leadership,
March 1957, RRF;
LAT
, 19 January 1969;
NYT
, 15 January 1969.