Overdosed America (55 page)

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only one out of 25 would derive any benefit:
Patients are excluded from receiving alteplase (Activase) if treatment cannot begin within three hours of symptom onset, stroke symptoms are mild, blood pressure is elevated, the stroke is hemorrhagic, blood clotting is too slow, seizure has occurred, the patient had a stroke within the past three months, blood sugar is abnormal, or symptoms abated before therapy was begun. H. S. Jorgensen, H. Nakayarna, L. P. Kammersgaard, et al., “Predicted Impact of Intravenous Thrombolysis on Prognosis of General Population of Stroke Patients: Simulation Model,”
British Medical Journal
319:288–289, 1999.

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2000 American Heart Association guidelines:
American Heart Association in Collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, “Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 7: The Era of Reperfusion: Section 2: Acute Stroke,”
Circulation
102(8 suppl I.):1204–1216, 2000.

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Dr. Rose Marie Robertson:
J. Lenzer, “Alteplase for Stroke: Money and Optimistic Claims Buttress the ‘Brain Attack’ Campaign,”
British Medical Journal
324:723–726, 2002.

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six out of the eight experts:
Financial ties to Genentech or its marketing partner, Boehringer Ingelheim, included receiving fees for lecturing and consulting, or received research grants. Ibid.

227
misleadingly titled NEJM article:
H. D. White, R. J. Simes, N. E. Anderson, et al., “Pravastatin Therapy and the Risk of Stroke,”
New England Journal of Medicine
343:317–326, 2000.

227
earned Bristol-Myers Squibb one of only five warning letters:
Thomas W. Abrams, RPh, MBA, Director Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising, and Communications, FDA, Warning Letter to Peter R. Dolan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, RE: Pravachol (pravastatin socium) Tablets, August 7, 2003. Viewed at http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/2003/pravachol-wl.pdf on February 12, 2004.

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eating fish at least once a week:
K. He, E. B. Rimm, A. Merchang, et al., “Fish Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Men,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
288:3130–136, 2002. See also H. Iso, K. Rexrode, M. J. Stampfer, et al., “Intake of Fish and Omega-3, Fatty Acids and Risk of Stroke in Women.”
Journal of the American Medical Association
285:304–312, 2001.

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epidemic of type 2 diabetes:
A. H. Mokdad, B. A. Bowman, E. S. Ford, et al., “The Continuing Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes in the United States,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
286:1195–1200, 2001. See also “National Estimates on Diabetes,” National Diabetes Fact Sheet, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viewed at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/estimates.htm#incidence on January 12, 2004.

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complications of diabetes:
“Diabetes: Disabling, Deadly, and on the Rise, At a Glance 2003,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

229
American College of Physicians issued clinical guidelines:
V. Snow, M. D. Aronson, R. Hornbake, et al., “Lipid Control in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
140:644–649, 2004.

229
Heart Protection Study:
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. “MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of Cholesterol-Lowering with Simvastatin in 5693 People with Diabetes: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial,”
The Lancet
361:2005–2016, 2003.

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91 percent of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes:
F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, et al., “Diet, Lifestyle, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women,”
New England Journal of Medicine
345:790–797, 2001.

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tested the effectiveness of counseling:
J. Tuomilehto, J. Lindstrom, J. G. Erisson, et al., “Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle Among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
344:1343–1350, 2001.

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six fewer people out of 100:
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, “Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
346:393–403, 2002.

230
“Make the Link! Diabetes, Heart Disease and Stroke”:
Viewed at http://www.diabetes.org/type-1-diabetes/well-being/heart-disease-and-stroke.jsp. Accessed January 27, 2004.

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a number of “corporate partners,”:
Viewed at http://www.diabetes.org/info/link.jsp. Accessed January 8, 2004.

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fewer than one-third of the diabetics:
K. M. Nelson, G. Reiber, and Boyko, “Diet and Exercise Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHAMESIII),”
Diabetes Care
25:1722–1728, 2002.

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walking two or more hours each week:
E. W. Gregg, R. B. Gerzoff, C. J. Caspersen, et al., “Relationship of Walking to Mortality Among U.S. Adults with Diabetes,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
163:1440–1447, 2003.

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overweight and sedentary diabetic and prediabetic men:
C. A. Maggio and F. X. Pi-Sunyer, “The Prevention and Treatment of Obesity: Application to Type 2 Diabetes,”
Diabetes Care.
20:1744–1766, 1997.

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only half of diabetic patients were counseled:
C. C. Wee, E. P. McCarthy, R. B. Davis, and S. Russell, “Physician Counseling about Exercise,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
282:1583–1588, 1999.

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weight-loss program for diabetics:
C. A. Maggio and F. X. Pi-Sunyer, op. cit.

232
advertisement for Zoloft:
Viewed at http://www.zoloft.com/index.asp? pageid=52. Accessed February 1, 2004.

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Pfizer website:
Viewed at http://www.zoloft.com/index.asp?pageid?2. Accessed February 1, 2004.

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randomized people suffering from social anxiety:
T. T. Haug, S. Blomhoff, K. Hellstrom, et al., “Exposure Therapy and Sertraline in Social Phobia: 1-Year Follow-up of a Randomised Controlled Trial,”
British Journal of Psychiatry
182:312–318, 2003.

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patients suffering from major depression:
M. Babyak, J. A. Blumenthal, S. Herman, et al., “Exercise Treatment for Major Depression: Maintenance of Therapeutic Benefit at 10 Months,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
62:633–638, 2000.

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87 percent of lung cancers:
“Cancer Facts and Figures 2001,” American Cancer Society, p. 29.

234
routine exercise:
C. M. Friedenreich, “Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention: from Observational to Intervention Research,”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
10:287–301, 2001.

234
Diet plays a role:
T. J. Key, N. E. Allen, E. A. Spencer, and R. C. Travis, “The Effect of Diet on Risk of Cancer,”
The Lancet
360: 861–868, 2002

234
“Western diet”:
M. L. Slattery, K. M. Boucher, B. J. Caan, et al., “Eating Patterns and Risk of Colon Cancer,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
148: 4–16, 1998.

234
Lyon Diet Heart Study:
M. DeLorgeril, P. Salen, J.-L. Martin, et al., “Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in a Randomized Trial: Prolonged Survival and Possible Reduced Cancer Rate,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
158:1181–1187, 1998.

235
A study conducted in Canada found that being obese:
S. Y. Pan, A.-M. Ugnat, S. W. Wen, et al., “Association of Obesity and Cancer Risk in Canada,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
159:259–268, 2004.

235
twice as many Americans are obese as Canadians:
“Health at a Glance,” OECD 2003, op. cit., p. 72.

235
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality:
These can be viewed at http://www.ahrq.gov.

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Americans’ average daily intake of sugar:
“Profiling Food Consumption in America,” op. cit.

236
obese children and adolescents increased by a factor of almost four:
See National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viewed at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/tables/2003, 2003hus068.pdf. Accessed January 28, 2004.

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deaths in the United States caused by obesity and physical inactivity:
Rob Stein, “Obesity Passing Smoking as Top Avoidable Cause of Death,”
Washington Post,
March 10, 2004.

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recommendations that emerge from the scientific evidence:
D. Kromhout, A. Menotti, H. Kesteloot, S. Sans, “Prevention of Coronary Heart Diseaes by Diet and Lifestyle: Evidence from Prospecti Cross-Cultural, Cohort and Intervention Studies,”
Circulation
105:893–898, 2002.

238
retired, nonsmoking men in Honolulu:
A. A. Hakim, H. Petrovitch, C. M. Burchfiel, et al., “Effects of Walking on Mortality Among Nonsmoking Retired Men,”
New England Journal of Medicine
338:94–99, 1998.

239
9700 independently living women:
E. W. Gregg, J. A. Cauley, K. Stone, et al., “Relationship of Changes in Physical Activity and Mortality Among Older Women,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
289:2379–2386, 2003.

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Dr. Jonas Salk:
Viewed at http://www.teachspace.org/lauren/polio/salk3.html. Accessed February 18, 2004.

241
diminished role of universities:
Derek Bok,
Universities in the Marketplace: The Commercialization of Higher Education,
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 117.

242
“well-ordered science”:
Defined as “what inquiry is to aim at if it is to serve the collective good.” Philip Kitcher,
Science, Truth, and Democracy,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. xii.

242
“In a science-driven organization:
Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jeff Girth, “Drug Makers Design Studies with Eye to Competitive Edge,”
New York Times,
December 23, 2000.

242
the more important the consequences:
Kitcher, op. cit., p. 96.

243
nine clinical studies:
“SSRIs: Suicide Risk and Withdrawal (Editorial),”
The Lancet
361:1999, 2003. See also Gardiner Harris, “Debate Resumes on the Safety of Depression’s Wonder Drugs,”
New York Times,
August 7, 2003.

243
task force of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology:
Gardiner Harris, “Panel Says Zoloft and Cousins Don’t Increase Suicide Risk,”
New York Times.
January 22, 2004.

243
FDA epidemiologist:
Gardiner Harris, “Expert Kept from Speaking at Antidepressant Hearing,”
New York Times,
April 16, 2004.

243
study of an expensive drug:
B. M. Psaty and D. Rennie, “Stopping Medical Research to Save Money: A Broken Pact with Researchers and Patients,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
289:2128–2131, 2003.

243
a $10,000 device to repair aortic aneurysms:
United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Francisco Division, No. CR 02-0179 SI, Plea Agreement. Viewed at http://www.findlaw.com. Accessed January 20, 2003.

244
Consumers Union:
Consumers Union is the nonprofit publisher of
Consumer Reports.
Viewed at http://www.yuricareport.com/Medicare/21orgSignLettertoCongress.html. Accessed February 1, 2004.

245
Canada and the European countries:
A. Maynard and K. Bloor, “Dilemmas in Regulation of the Market for Pharmaceuticals,”
Health Affairs
22(3):31–41, 2003.

245
PhRMA was successful:
Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Gardiner Harris, “Industry Fights to Put Imprint on Drug Bill,”
New York Times,
September 5, 2003.

245
may actually cause more GI problems:
Lawrence Goldkind, M.D., “Medical Officer’s Gastroenterology Advisory Committee Briefing Document. Celebrex (celecoxib),” February 7, 2001, p. 51 Viewed at http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/briefing/3677b1_05_gi.doc.P. 51. Accessed September 26, 2001.

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Norvasc 5 mg and 10 mg:
“Out of Bounds: Rising Prescription Drug Prices for Seniors,”
Families U.S.A.,
July 2003.

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diuretic that costs only $29 per year:
B. M. Psaty, T. Lumley, C. D. Furberg, et al., “Health Outcomes Associated with Various Antihypertensive Therapies Used as First-Line Agents: A Network Meta-Analysis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
289:2534–2544, 2003.

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PROSPER study:
J. Shepherd, G. J. Blauw, M. B. Murphy, et al., “Pravastatin in Elderly Individuals at Risk of Vascular Disease (PROSPER): A Randomised Controlled Trial,”
The Lancet
360:1623–1630, 2002.

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patients over the age of 65:
Heart attacks, unstable angina, strokes, transient ischemic attacks, and blood clots. See Shari L. Targum, “Review of Cardiovascular Safety Data Base. Rofecoxib (Vioxx),” February 1, 2001, p. 20. Viewed at http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/briefing/3677b2_06_cardio.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2001.