Overdosed America (54 page)

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an average age of 68 and a T score of - 2.5 or less:
S. R. Cummings, D. M. Black, D. E. Thompson, et al., “Effect of Alendronate on Risk of Fracture in Women with Low Bone Density but Without Vertebral Fractures: Results from the Fracture Intervention Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
280(24):2077–2082, 1998.

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women between the ages of 70 and 79:
M. R. McClung, P. Geusens, P. D. Miller, et al., “Effect of Residronate on the Risk of Hip Fracture in Elderly Women,”
New England Journal of Medicine
344(5):333–340, 2001.

214
The same result was found in younger women:
S. T. Harris, N. B. Watts, H. K. Genant, et al., “Effects of Risedronate Treatment on Vertebral and Nonvertebral Fractures in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
282:1344–1352, 1999.

214
A study conducted in the Netherlands:
C. E. D. H. DeLaiet, B. A. Hout, H. Burger, A. Hofman, and H. A. Pols, “Bone Density and Risk of Hip Fracture in Men and Women: Cross Sectional Analysis,”
British Medical Journal
315:221–225, 1997.

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two out of three hip fractures:
C. J. Green, K. Bassett, V. Foerster, and A. Kazanjian, “Bone Mineral Testing: Does the Evidence Support Its Selective Use in Well Women?” Center for Health Services and Policy Research, British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment, December 1997.

215
90 percent of hip fractures resulting from falls:
X. Deprez, P. Fardellone, “Nonpharmacological Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures,”
Joint Bone Spine
70:448–457, 2003.

215
“no effect on the incidence of hip fracture”:
McClung, op. cit.

215
the risk of hip fractures actually
went up
:
The increase in clinical fractures in the women with osteopenia (T-score = - 2.5 to - 1.6) might well have reached statistical significance, but it was calculated only for the women with osteopenia divided into two separate groups, neither of which was large enough alone for the increase in fractures to reach clinical significance. One can only surmise why the statistics were presented in this way. See Cummings, Black, Thompson, et al., op. cit.

216
lacelike structure of trabecular bone:
Review of Medical Physiology Medical Physiology, 20th ed. (2001), chapter 21. STAT!ref.Electronic Medical Library. Accessed October 23, 2002.

217
Evista reduces only vertebral fractures:
B. Ettinger, D. M. Black, B. H. Mitlak, et al., “Reduction of Vertebral Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis Treated with Raloxifene: Results from A Three-Year Randomized Clinical Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
282(7):637–645, 1999.

217
an FDA letter to the company:
Letter from Margaret M. Kober, Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising, and Communications, FDA, to Gregory G. Enas, Director, U.S. Regulatory Affairs, Eli Lilly and Company, RE: Evista (ralixifene HCl) Tablets, September 14, 2000.

217
Miacalcin, administered by a nasal spray:
C. H. Chestnut, S. Silverman, K. Andriano, et al., “A Randomized Trial of Nasal Spray Salmon Calcitonin in Postmenopausal Women with Established Osteoporosis: The Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures Study,”
American Journal of Medicine
109:267–276, 2000.

217
Forteo, administered by daily self-injection:
R. M. Neer, C. D. Arnaud, J. R. Zanchetta, et al., “Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) on Fractures and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis,”
New England Journal of Medicine
344:1434–1441, 2001.

217
exercise builds up trabecular bone:
C. Rubin, A. S. Turner, R. Muller, et al., “Quantity and Quality of Trabecular Bone in the Femur Are Enhanced by a Strongly Anabolic, Noninvasive Mechanical Intervention,”
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
17:349–357, 2002.

217
The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures:
E. W. Gregg, J. A. Cauley, D. G. Seeley, et al., “Physical Activity and Osteoporotic Fracture Risk in Older Women,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
129:81–88, 1998.

218
In a study in Sweden, nursing home residents:
J. Jensen, L. Lundin-Olsson, L. Nyberg, Y. Gustafson, “Fall and Injury Prevention in Older People Living in Residential Care Facilities: A Cluster Randomized Trial,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
136:733–741, 2002.

218
Strength training:
M. E. Nelson, M. A. Fiatarone, C. M. Morganti, et al., “Effects of High-Intensity Strength Training on Multiple Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fractures. A Randomized Controlled Trial (Abstract),”
Journal of the American Medical Association
272:1909–1914, 1994.

218
Tai chi:
S. L. Wolf, H. X. Barnhart, N. G. Kutner, et al., “Reducing Frailty and Falls in Older Persons: An Investigation of Tai Chi and Computerized Balance Training,”
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
51:1794–1803, 2003.

218
Adequate calcium and vitamin D are also essential:
M. C. Chapuy, M. E. Arlot, F. Duboeuf, et al., “Vitamin D3 and Calcium to Prevent Hip Fractures in the Elderly Women (Abstract),”
New England Journal of Medicine
327:1637–1642, 1992.

218
higher ratio of animal to vegetable proteins:
D. E. Sellmeyer, K. L. Stone, A. Sebastian, et al., “A High Ratio of Dietary Animal to Vegetable Protein Increases the Rate of Bone Loss and the Risk of Fracture in Postmenopausal Women,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
73:118–122, 2001.

218
website sponsored by Merck:
The website was viewed at http://www.bonedensitytest.com/osteoporosis/thin_bones/learn_about_your_t_score/index.jsp. (No longer available.)

219
National Osteoporosis Society:
National Osteoporosis Foundation 2001 Annual Report.

219
A 2004 article published in the
International Journal of Health Technology Assessment
:
C. Green, A. Kazanjian, and D. Helmer, op. cit.

219
Center for Medical Consumers:
Go to http://www.medicalconsumers.org.

219
Our Bodies, Ourselves:
The Boston Women’s Health Collective,
Our Bodies, Ourselves,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

220
The National Cholesterol Education Program:
Viewed at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncep/. Accessed January 4, 2004.

220
discuss cholesterol with their doctors:
I. S. Nash, L. Mosca, R. S. Blumenthal, et al., “Contemporary Awareness and Understanding of Cholesterol as a Risk Factor,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
163:1597–1600, 2003.

220
importance of routine exercise:
C. C. Wee, E. P. McCarthy, R. B. Davis, and R. S. Phillips, “Physician Counseling about Exercise,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
282:1583–1588, 1999.

220
are advised (if smokers) to quit smoking:
A. N. Thorndike, N. A. Rigotti, R. S. Stafford, D. E. Singer, “National Patterns in the Treatment of Smokers by Physicians,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
279:604–608, 1998.

220
advising obese people to lose weight:
D. A. Galuska, J. C. Will, M. K. Serdula, and E. S. Ford, “Are Health Care Professionals Advising Obese Patients to Lose Weight?”
Journal of the American Medical Association
282:1576–1578, 1999.

220
cancer is far worse:
Viewed at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/tables/2003, 2003hus030.pdf. Accessed January 26, 2004.

221
percentage of adult smokers in the United States declined:
Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, American Lung Association, “Trends in Tobacco Use,” February 2001. Viewed at http://www.lungusa.org/data/smoke/SMK1.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2003.

221
Smoking is responsible for as much as 30 percent:
I. S. Ockene and N. H. Miller, “Cigarette Smoking, Cardiovascular Disease, and Stroke,”
Circulation
96:3243–3247, 1997.

221
Americans’ per capita consumption:
“Profiling Food Consumption in America,”
Agriculture Fact Book 2001–2002,
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Viewed at http://www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.htm.

221
And good progress was made:
R. C. Cooper, J. Cutler, P. Desvigne-Nickern, et al., “Trends and Disparities in Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Other Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States,”
Circulation
102:3137–3147, 2000.

221
Largely as a result of these lifestyle changes:
/articles/cdc morbidity and mortality chart book, p. 32, one half figure reconstructed from chart 3-23.

221
“revolution” in prevention and treatment of heart disease:
“Health at a Glance,” OECD 2003, op. cit., p. 55.

221
number of coronary artery bypass surgeries:
“Health at a Glance,” OECD 2003, op. cit., p. 55.

221
FDA approved the first cholesterol-lowering statin drug:
Susan Warner, “Hard Times in Star Part of the State Economy,”
New York Times,
December 28, 2003.

221
rate of decline in the death rate actually slowed during the 1990s:
Morbidity & Mortality: 2002 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Disease,
Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health. 2002, p. 33.

221
Americans who smoked:
“Current Smokers, Trends Data Nationwide, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viewed at http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/Trends/trendchart.asp?qkey= 10000&state= US. Accessed January 27, 2004.

221
decline in per capita beef and egg consumption stalled:
“Profiling Food Consumption in America,” op. cit., http://www.usda.gov/factbook/tables/ch2table21.jpg.

221
decline in whole milk consumption leveled off:
See http://www.ers.usda.gov/Amberwaves/June03/DataFeature/.

222
obese Americans nearly doubled:
“Obesity: By Body Mass Index, Trends Data Nationwide, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viewed at http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/Trends/trendchart.asp?qkey= 10010&state?U.S.

222
high blood pressure:
H. Wayne and M. S. Giles, “Update on Risk Factors for Stroke Profiling Your Patient’s Risk, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” October 30, 2003. Viewed at http://www.i3m.org/main/pcpc/ppoint/ws1_giles.pdf. The total number of people with high blood pressure increased from 21.7 percent to 25.6 percent, even though the percentage of hypertensives whose blood pressure was controlled increased from 29 percent to 34 percent between 1990 and 2000. Viewed at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/tables/2003, 2003hus066.pdf.

222
The study collected data on 25,000 executive and professional men:
M. Wei, J. B. Kampert, C. E. Barlow, et al., “Relationship Between Low Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Mortality in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Men,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
282:1547–1553, 1999.

223
almost 10,000 men who underwent exercise testing:
S. N. Blair, H. W. Kohl, C. E. Barlow, et al., “Changes in Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy and Unhealthy Men,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
273:1093–1098, 1995.

223
physical fitness plays a major role in protecting women:
Fitness was measured by being above average on both exercise capacity and the rate of return of pulse toward normal in the two minutes following exercise compared with the women who were below average on both measures. S. Mora, R. F. Redberg, Y. Cui, et al., “Ability of Exercise Testing to Predict Cardiovascular and All-Cause Death in Asymptomatic Women,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
290:1600–1607, 2003.

223
Post–heart attack patients:
J. A. Jilliffee, K. Rees, R. S. Taylor, et al., “Exercise-Based Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease,”
Cochrane Database Systematic Review
1:CD001800, 2001 (abstract).

223
randomized studies of statin treatment:
NCEP Full Report, p. II-39

224
Lyon Diet Heart Study:
P. Kris-Etherton, R. H. Eckel, B. V. Howard, et al., “Lyon Diet Heart Study: Benefits of a Mediterranean-Style National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step 1 Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease,”
Circulation
102:1823, 2001.

224
National Cholesterol Education Project:
NCEP Full Report, p. V–15.

225
progress in stroke mortality stalled:
Morbidity & Mortality,
op. cit. p. 45.

225
Dr. Wayne H. Giles:
H. Wayne and M. S. Giles, “Update on Risk Factors for Stroke Profiling Your Patient’s Risk, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” October 30, 2003. Viewed at http://www.i3m.org/main/pcpc/ppoint/ws1_giles.pdf.

226
Activase:
D. L. Vance, “Treating Acute Ischemic Stroke with Intravenous Alteplase,”
Critical Care Nurse
21:25–32, 2001.