Plagues in World History (40 page)

129. Aberth,
The Black Death
, 123–24.

130. See, especially, Norman Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Messianism in Medieval and Reformation Europe and Its Bearing on Modern Totalitarian Movements
(New York: Harper, 1961), 124–48.

131. Dols, “Comparative Communal Responses,” 273, 283–84; Dols,
Black Death
, 287–88, 294–95.

132. Dols, “Comparative Communal Responses,” 285; Dols,
Black Death
, 296–97.

133. I argue that the Flagellant movement was mainly motivated by a desire to ward off or take away the plague, which I elaborate on in more detail in
From the Brink of the Apocalypse
, 133–56.

Notes to Pages 52–58 y 197

134. See, for example, Ibn Kathīr’s description of Muslim prayers and processions during the Black Death in Damascus, Syria, available in Aberth,
The Black Death
, 110–12.

135. The issue is raised in Dols, “Comparative Communal Responses,” 274–75; and Dols,
Black Death
, 288–89.

136. For a fuller discussion of the supposed connection between the Jewish pogroms and the Flagellants, see Aberth,
From the Brink of the Apocalypse
, 153–56.

137. See Aberth,
From the Brink of the Apocalypse
, 156–91, for a more detailed explanation of this argument.

138. Sudhoff, “Pestschriften aus den ersten 150 Jahren nach der Epidemie des ‘schwarzen Todes’ 1348,”
Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin
4 (1911): 215.

139. Congourdeau and Melhaoui, “La Perception,” 124; Stearns, “Infectious Ideas,” 238.

140. Stearns, “Infectious Ideas,” 236–37.

141. Dols, “Comparative Communal Responses,” 286–87.

142. Joseph-Jean de Smet, ed.,
Recueil des Chroniques de Flandre
, 4 vols. (Brussels, 1837–1865), 2:280; Ibn Battūta,
Travels, A.D. 1325–1354
, trans. H. A. R. Gibb, 5 vols.

(Cambridge, UK: Hakluyt Society, 1958–2000), 4:919.

143. Aberth,
The Black Death
, 115.

144. Escorial MS 1785, fols. 107r–v. This manuscript was translated for me from the Arabic by Russell Hopley of Bowdoin College.

145. Escorial MS 1785, fol. 107r.

146. Cohn,
The Black Death Transformed
, 49.

147. Carlo M. Cipolla,
Public Health and the Medical Profession in the Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 36–44; Carlo M. Cipolla,
Faith, Reason, and the Plague in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany
, trans. M. Kittel (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979), 1–14; Paul Slack,
The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 228–32; Paul Slack, “Responses to Plague in Early Modern Europe: The Implications of Public Health,” in
In Time of Plague: The History and Social Consequences of Lethal Epidemic Disease
, ed. A. Mack, 111–32 (New York: New York University Press, 1991), 123; Brian Pullan, “Plague and Perceptions of the Poor in Early Modern Italy,” in
Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence
, ed. T. Ranger and P. Slack, 101–23 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

148. Nancy Elizabeth Gallagher,
Medicine and Power in Tunisia, 1780–1900
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 24–32.

149. Andrew Appleby, “The Disappearance of Plague: A Continuing Puzzle,”
Economic History Review
33 (1980): 167–69; Paul Slack, “The Disappearance of Plague: An Alternative View,”
Economic History Review
34 (1981): 469–76; Sheldon Watts,
Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 34–39.

150. Aberth,
The Black Death
, 85.

151. Marchionne di Coppo Stefani,
Cronaca Fiorentina
, ed. Niccolò Rodolica, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores 30/1 (Città di Castello, 1903), 230.

152. Dols,
Black Death
, 248.

198 y Notes to Pages 58–65

153. Aberth,
The Black Death
, 85; Pullan, “Plague and Perceptions of the Poor,” 117.

154. Samuel K. Cohn Jr.,
The Cult of Remembrance and the Black Death: Six Renaissance Cities in Central Italy
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); Samuel K. Cohn Jr., “The Place of the Dead in Flanders and Tuscany: Towards a Comparative History of the Black Death,” in
The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe
, ed. B. Gordon and P. Marshall, 17–43 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

155. See Aberth,
From the Brink of the Apocalypse
, 210–75, for a more detailed presentation of this argument.

156. Stuart J. Borsch,
The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005), 19–20.

157. Dols,
Black Death
, 212–23; Borsch,
Black Death in Egypt and England
, 15, 24–25.

158. Dols,
Black Death
, 256–80.

159. Borsch,
Black Death in Egypt and England
, 10–11.

160. Borsch,
Black Death in Egypt and England
, 40–112.

161. Borsch,
Black Death in Egypt and England
, 24–39.

162. Borsch,
Black Death in Egypt and England
, 115.

163. Sudhoff, “Pestschriften aus den ersten 150 Jahren nach der Epidemie des ‘schwarzen Todes’ 1348,”
Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin
11 (1919): 144.

164. Sudhoff, “Pestschriften aus den ersten 150 Jahren nach der Epidemie des ‘schwarzen Todes’ 1348,”
Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin
11 (1919): 147–48, and 17

(1925): 82.

165. Aberth,
The Black Death
, 16–18, 112–14.

166. Carol Benedict,
Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996), 17–71.

167. Myron Echenberg,
Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894–1901
(New York: New York University Press, 2007).

168. In addition to David Arnold’s
Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), a useful summary of the issues involved with the Third Pandemic in India is available in Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic and Epidemic Politics in India, 1896–1914,” in Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence
, ed. T. Ranger and P.

Slack, 203–40 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and John Aberth,
The First Horseman: Disease in Human History
(Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007), 76–85, 88–92, 96–97.

169. Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 85–87, 102–9.

170. Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 111.

171. Lien-Teh,
Treatise on Pneumonic Plague
, 421–26.

172. Arnold,
Colonizing the Body
, 70–77; Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 223–26.

173. Lien-Teh,
Treatise on Pneumonic Plague
, 112.

174. Myron Echenberg,
Black Death, White Medicine: Bubonic Plague and the Politics of Public Health in Colonial Senegal, 1914–1945
(Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002), 58–89.

Notes to Pages 65–79 y 199

175. Echenberg,
Black Death, White Medicine
, 106–9.

176. Appleby, “The Disappearance of Plague,” 169–73. Appleby explains the persistence of plague in the Middle East beyond its terminal date in Europe as due to different strains of
Yersinia pestis
being present in each region. However, one should also read the response by Slack, “The Disappearance of Plague,” 469–73.

177. Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 89.

178. Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 94.

179. Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 78–79.

180. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 206, 218–20, 232.

181. W. C. Rand,
Draft of Report to Government of Bombay
(n.p., n.d.), 3.

182. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 91.

183. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 99.

184. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 91, 94.

185. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 112.

186. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 84–85.

187. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 88–89.

188. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 93.

189. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 226–32.

190. Echenberg,
Plague Ports
, 16–107, 131–302.

191. Pullan, “Plague and Perceptions of the Poor,” 120–21.

192. Arnold,
Colonizing the Body
, 211.

193. Chandavarkar, “Plague Panic,” 232–33.

1. Donald R. Hopkins,
The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 15.

2. Hopkins,
The Greatest Killer
, 15–16.

3. Hopkins,
The Greatest Killer
, 16–17.

4. E. Fuller Torrey and Robert H. Yolken,
Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans, and Disease
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 41–42.

5. John Aberth,
From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague, and Death in the Later Middle Ages
, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2010), 229–37.

6. Victor Davis Hanson,
A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War
(New York: Random House, 2005), 66, 70–71, 77–78.

7. Jo N. Hays,
Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC–CLIO, 2005), 17–20.

8. Hopkins,
The Greatest Killer
, 168.

9. Suzanne Austin Alchon,
A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003), 63–105.

10. A good overview of the debate is available in Alchon,
A Pest in the Land,
147–77.

11. David Noble Cook,
Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 13.

200 y Notes to Pages 79–86

12. Their major works include the following: John Duffy,
Epidemics in Colonial America
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1953); Alfred W. Crosby,
The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972); Alfred W. Crosby,
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); William McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples
, updated ed. (New York: Anchor Books, 1998).

13. Hays,
Epidemics and Pandemics
, 84–85; Alchon,
A Pest in the Land
, 68–79.

14. Thomas M. Whitmore,
Disease and Death in Early Colonial Mexico: Simulating Amerindian Depopulation
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992), 208.

15. Alfred W. Crosby, “Conquistador y Pestilencia: The First New World Pandemic and the Fall of the Great Indian Empires,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
47

(1967): 321–37; McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples
, 208–41; Cook,
Born to Die
, 60–94.

16. Alchon,
A Pest in the Land
, 81–82.

17. John Hatcher, “Mortality in the Fifteenth Century: Some New Evidence,”
Economic History Review
39 (1986): 19–38.

18. Robert Hoeniger,
Der Schwarze Tod in Deutschland
(Berlin: Grosser, 1882), 176.

19. Alchon,
A Pest in the Land
, 110; Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano,
Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 37–38.

20. Ortiz de Montellano,
Aztec Medicine
, 129–92.

21. Alchon,
A Pest in the Land
, 109–45.

22. William P. Caferro, “Warfare and Economy in Renaissance Italy, 1350–1450,”

Journal of Interdisciplinary History
39 (2008): 173.

23. Aberth,
From the Brink of the Apocalypse
, 79–275.

24.
The Annals of the Cakchiquels
, trans. A. Recinos and D. Goetz (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953), 116.

25. David E. Stannard, “Disease and Infertility: A New Look at the Demographic Collapse of Native Populations in the Wake of Western Contact,”
Journal of American Studies 24 (1990): 325–50; Alfred W. Crosby, “Hawaiian Depopulation as a Model for the Amerindian Experience,” in
Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence
, ed. T. Ranger and P. Slack, 175–201 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

26. McNeill,
Plagues and Peoples
, 216–17.

27. Kark Sudhoff, “Pestschriften aus den ersten 150 Jahren nach der Epidemie des ‘schwarzen Todes’ 1348,”
Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin
8 (1915): 247–52, and 17

(1925): 63–64.

28. Daniel T. Reff,
Disease, Depopulation, and Culture Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518–1764
(Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991), 260–64.

29. Hopkins,
The Greatest Killer
, 29–41.

30. Elizabeth Fenn,
Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–1782
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).

31. Hopkins,
The Greatest Killer
, 46–96.

32. David Arnold,
Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 116–58; David Arnold, “Smallpox and Colonial Medicine in Nineteenth-Century India,” in
Imperial Notes to Pages 86–92 y 201

Medicine and Indigenous Societies
, ed. D. Arnold, 45–65 (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1988).