Plagues in World History (43 page)

27. Eileen Stillwaggon,
AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 133–57; Nana K. Poku,
AIDS in Africa: How the Poor Are Dying
(Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2005), 57–58; Joseph R. Oppong and Ezekiel Kalipeni, “Perceptions and Misperceptions of AIDS in Africa,” in
HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology
, ed. E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R. Oppong, and J. Ghosh, 47–57 (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004), 48–50. A complete list of the Caldwells’ publications is also given in Stillwaggon’s bibliography on page 234.

28. Epstein,
The Invisible Cure
, 49–65; Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 62–63.

29. The 2009 UNAIDS report claims that “sex work continues to play a notable role in many national epidemics” in sub-Saharan Africa and cites that sex workers accounted for 14 percent and 10 percent of all new HIV infections in Kenya and Uganda, respectively, in 2008. UNAIDS, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 6, 2010).

30. Poku,
AIDS in Africa
, 76; Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 11–12.

31. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 93–94; Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 121; S. S.

Abdool Karim and Q. Abdool Karim, eds.,
HIV/AIDS in South Africa
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 291.

32. Stillwaggon,
AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty
, 31–78; Anthony De. Harries, Nicola J. Hargreaves, and Alimuddin Zumla, “Tuberculosis and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa,” in
The Return of the White Plague: Global Poverty and the “New” Tuberculosis
, ed.

M. Gandy and A. Zumla, 112–24 (London: Verso, 2003), 116–18.

33. Poku,
AIDS in Africa
, 69–123; Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 112–25; Alan Whiteside, “Poverty and HIV/AIDS in Africa,” in
Global Health and Governance: HIV/AIDS
, ed. N. K. Poku and A. Whiteside, 123–42 (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

34. Catherine Mathews, “Reducing Sexual Risk Behaviours: Theory and Research, Successes and Challenges,” in
HIV/AIDS in South Africa
, ed. S. S. Abdool Karim and Q.

Abdool Karim, 143–65 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Douglas A.

Feldman,
Global AIDS Policy
(Westport, Conn.: Bergin and Garvey, 1994). See also UNAIDS report for 2009 at www.unaids.org/.

210 y Notes to Pages 160–163

35. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 63–64, 127–29.

36. See, for example, Stillwaggon,
AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty
, 3–17.

37. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 58.

38. Richard Chirimuuta and Rosalind Chirimuuta,
AIDS, Africa, and Racism
, 2nd ed.

(London: Free Association Books, 1989); Margaret Cerullo and Evelynn Hammonds, “AIDS in Africa: The Western Imagination and the Dark Continent,” in
AIDS: Readings on a Global Crisis
, ed. E. R. Bethel, 45–54 (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995).

39. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 58–64; Susan Hunter, Black Death: AIDS in Africa
(Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), esp. 49–146.

40. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 10–18.

41. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 19–32, 126–32; Maryinez Lyons, “Mobile Populations and HIV/AIDS in East Africa,” in
HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology
, ed. E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R. Oppong, and J. Ghosh, 175–90 (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004). Works with a focus on the Ugandan response to AIDS include Maj-Lis Follér and Håkan Thörn, eds.,
The Politics of AIDS: Globalization, the State and Civil Society
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 87–137; Amy S. Patterson,
The Politics of AIDS in Africa
(Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006), 29–34; Tony Barnett and Piers Blaikie,
AIDS in Africa: Its Present and Future Impact
(New York: Guilford Press, 1992); Maryinez Lyons, “The Point of View: Perspectives on AIDS in Uganda,” in
AIDS

in Africa and the Caribbean
, ed. G. Bond, J. Kreniske, I. Susser, and J. Vincent, 131–46

(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997).

42. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 48–57, 137; Joseph R. Oppong and Samuel Agyei-Mensah, “HIV/AIDS in West Africa: The Case of Senegal, Ghana, and Nigeria,”

in
HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology
, ed. E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R.

Oppong, and J. Ghosh, 70–82 (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004).

43. For case studies of Zimbabwe and Swaziland, see Patterson,
The Politics of AIDS

in Africa
, 44–57; Jake Batsell, “AIDS, Politics, and NGOs in Zimbabwe,” in
The African State and the AIDS Crisis
, ed. A. S. Patterson, 59–77 (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2005).

Patterson’s conclusions about the role of political leadership in the AIDS crisis are, however, rather ambivalent.

44. Good overviews of the AIDS crisis in southern Africa are available in Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 33–47; and Ezekiel Kalipeni, Susan Craddock, and Jayati Ghosh, “Mapping the AIDS Pandemic in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Critical Overview,” in HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology, ed. E. Kalipeni, S. Craddock, J. R. Oppong, and J. Ghosh, 58–69 (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004).

45. Poku,
AIDS in Africa
, 85–123; Follér and Thörn,
The Politics of AIDS
, 27–70; Doka,
AIDS, Fear, and Society
, 120–24; Robert L. Ostergard Jr., “Politics in the Hot Zone: AIDS and National Security in Africa,” in
Global Health and Governance: HIV/AIDS
, ed.

N. K. Poku and A. Whiteside, 143–60 (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

46. Works and articles that focus on the political context of the AIDS epidemic in South Africa include Didier Fassin,
When Bodies Remember: Experiences and Politics of AIDS in South Africa
, trans. A. Jacobs and G. Varro (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); Nawaal Deane, “The Political History of AIDS Treatment,” in
HIV/AIDS in Notes to Pages 163–166 y 211

South Africa
, ed. S. S. Abdool Karim and Q. Abdool Karim, 538–47 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Patrick Furlong and Karen Bal , “The More Things Change: AIDS and the State in South Africa, 1987–2003,” in
The African State and the AIDS Crisis
, ed. A. S. Patterson, 127–53 (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2005); Nicoli Nattrass, The Moral Economy of AIDS in South Africa
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 41–65; Virginia van der Vliet, “South Africa Divided against AIDS: A Crisis of Leadership,” in
AIDS and South Africa: The Social Expression of a Pandemic
, ed. K. D.

Kauffman and D. L. Lindauer, 48–96 (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

47. Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 131–44.

48. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 148–54.

49. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 142–54; Follér and Thörn,
The Politics of AIDS
, 177–232; Patterson,
The Politics of AIDS in Africa
, 95–129.

50. Pulled from the UNAIDS website, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 11, 2010).

51. Iliffe,
The African AIDS Epidemic
, 156–57; Nattrass,
Moral Economy of AIDS
, 132–49.

52. Donald G. McNeil Jr., “At Front Lines, AIDS War Is Falling Apart,”
New York Times
, May 9, 2010.

53. Works on this topic include Geoff Foster, Carol Levine, and John Williamson, eds.,
A Generation at Risk: The Global Impact of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Ezekiel Kalipeni, Susan Craddock, Joseph R. Oppong, and Jayati Ghosh, eds.,
HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology
(Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004), 89–103, 133–43, 304–15; Emma Guest, Children of AIDS: Africa’s Orphan Crisis, 2nd ed. (London: Pluto, 2003); Jeff Gow and Chris Desmond, eds.,
Impacts and Interventions: The HIV/AIDS Epidemic and the Children of South Africa
(Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 2002); Carolyn Baylies, Janet Bujra, et al.,
AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa: Collective Strategies and Struggles in Tanzania and Zambia
(London: Routledge, 2000); Long and Ankrah,
Women’s Experiences with HIV/AIDS
; Felissa L. Cohen and Jerry D. Durham, eds., Women, Children, and HIV/AIDS (New York: Springer, 1993).

54. Pulled from UNAIDS website, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 11, 2010).

55. Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala, “Global Struggles, Local Contexts: Prospects for a Southern African AIDS Feminism,” in
The Politics of AIDS: Globalization, the State and Civil Society
, ed. M. Follér and H. Thörn, 141–43 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).

56. Aberth,
The First Horseman
, 144–54.

57. Patricia D. Siplon and Kristin M. Novotny, “Overcoming the Contradictions: Women, Autonomy, and AIDS in Tanzania,” in
The Global Politics of AIDS
, ed. P. G.

Harris and P. D. Siplon, 87–107 (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2007); Anne Outwater, “The Socioeconomic Impact of AIDS on Women in Tanzania,” in
Women’s Experiences with HIV/AIDS: An International Perspective
, ed. L. D. Long and E. M. Ankrah, 112–22

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Baylies, Bujra, et al.,
AIDS, Sexuality and Gender in Africa
.

58. Follér and Thörn,
The Politics of AIDS
, 139–76.

212 y Notes to Pages 167–173

59. Stillwaggon,
AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty
, 90–98; Shawn Smallman,
The AIDS

Pandemic in Latin America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 27–31; UNAIDS, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 12, 2010).

60. Chin,
The AIDS Pandemic
, 31–36; Engel,
The Epidemic
, 50–51.

61. Paul Farmer,
AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), esp. 125–50; Paul Farmer, “AIDS and Accusation: Haiti, Haitians, and the Geography of Blame,” in
Culture and AIDS
, ed. D. A. Feldman, 67–91 (New York: Praeger, 1990).

62. Farmer,
AIDS and Accusation
, 193–251; Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 23–32.

63. Pulled from UNAIDS website, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 12, 2010).

Earlier figures are from Farmer,
AIDS and Accusation
, 130–31.

64. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 25–27.

65. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 33; Shepard, “Shifting Priorities in US AIDS Policy,” 189.

66. Engel,
The Epidemic
, 94–95, is inclined to accept Cuban statistics at face value, but Doka,
AIDS, Fear, and Society
, 99, is more skeptical.

67. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 35–46; Doka,
AIDS, Fear, and Society
, 99.

68. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 46–66.

69. Pulled from UNAIDS website, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 12, 2010).

70. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 151–54.

71. Stillwaggon,
AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty
, 88–100.

72. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 146–57, 167–90.

73. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 67–92; Tim Frasca,
AIDS in Latin America
(Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 187–209.

74. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 92–109; André de Mello e Souza, “Defying Globalization: Effective Self-Reliance in Brazil,” in
The Global Politics of AIDS
, ed. P. G. Harris and P. D. Siplon, 37–49 (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2007).

75. Anton A. Van Niekerk and Loretta M. Kopelman, eds.,
Ethics and AIDS in Africa: The Challenge to Our Thinking
(Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press, 2006), 111–40; Nana K. Poku and Alan Whiteside, eds.,
Global Health and Governance: HIV/AIDS
(Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 27–41, 61–74.

76. Mello e Souza, “Defying Globalization,” 49–63; Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 109–12.

77. According to the UNAIDS report, as of 2008, Mexico is one of the few countries in the region to have prevention programs that focus on the high-risk groups of commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men, and drug users. Pulled from www.

unaids.org/ (accessed February 14, 2010).

78. Smallman,
The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America
, 117–46; Frasca,
AIDS in Latin America
, 71–99.

79. Marika Vicziany, “The Political Economy of HIV/AIDS in India,” in
The Global Politics of AIDS
, ed. P. G. Harris and P. D. Siplon, 109–36 (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Notes to Pages 173–179 y 213

Rienner, 2007), 129; Susan Hunter,
AIDS in Asia: A Continent in Peril
(Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 9–10.

80. Pulled from UNAIDS website, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 14, 2010).

81. Chris Lyttleton, “AIDS and Civil Belonging: Disease Management and Political Change in Thailand and Laos,” in
The Politics of Aids: Globalization, the State and Civil Society
, ed. M. Follér and H. Thörn, 255–73 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Engel,
The Epidemic
, 256–64.

82. Pulled from UNAIDS website, at www.unaids.org/ (accessed February 15, 2010).

83. David Wilson and Mariam Claeson, “Dynamics of the HIV Epidemic in South Asia,” in
HIV and AIDS in South Asia: An Economic Development Risk
, ed. M. Haacker and M. Claeson, 3–40 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009), 14–22, 27–32; Vicziany, “The Political Economy of HIV/AIDS in India,” 109–36.