Power Game (131 page)

7.
Michael Malbin, interview with the author, August 18, 1986. These figures are derived from Norman J. Ornstein, et al.,
Vital Statistics on Congress, 1987–1988
Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 1987.

8.
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, lecture, March 28, 1978.

9.
David Aylward, interview with the author, February 4, 1986.

10.
The New York Times
, September 25, 1977, p E4.

11.
This notion of tribal customs and relationships in Congress is developed by J. Michael Weatherford, an anthropologist and former legislative aide to Senator John Glenn of Ohio, in
Tribes on the Hill
(New York: Rawson, Wade, 1981).

12.
William Cohen, interview with the author, March 12, 1986.

13.
Tony Coelho, interview with the author, March 20, 1986.

14.
Howard H. Baker, Jr., interview with the author, March 11, 1986.

15.
This account, among others, is retold in detail by Rochelle Jones and Peter Woll in
The Private World of Congress
(New York: The Free Press, 1979), pp. 155–156.

16.
The Washington Post
, October 31, 1977, p.2.

17.
The account of the debate comes from the
Congressional Record
, December 23, 1982, pp. S16047–S16060, and the account of the staff role comes from senators Warren Rudman, Alan Simpson, aides to Howard Baker, and from the Senate staff.

18.
David A. Stockman, interview with the author, February 1986.

19.
Pete Domenici, interview with the author, April 12, 1986.

20.
This account was developed by interviews with these and other participants by the author’s researcher Lauren Ostrow.

21.
Fritz Hollings, testifying before the Senate Appropriations subcommittee on the legislative branch, April 21, 1975, p. 1241.

22.
Rudolph G. Penner, testimony before the House Committee on Government Operations, October 17, 1985, hearings, pp. 156–157.

23.
Ted Stevens of Alaska at hearing of the Senate Appropriations subcommittee on the legislative branch, July 1986.

24.
Dave McCurdy, interview with the author, February 26, 1986.

25.
The New York Times
, June 28, 1982, p. A13.

26.
Robert Dornan, interview with the author, August 13, 1986.

27.
Anthony Battista, interviews with the author, March 3 and 7, 1986.

28.
Thomas Downey, interview with the author, February 21, 1986.

29.
Samuel Stratton, interviews with the author, December 2, 1985 and August 15, 1986.

30.
Thomas Downey, interview with the author, February 21, 1986.

31.
Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, August 12, 1976.

32.
Ronald Reagan, interview with the author, February 28, 1980.

33.
Richard Darman, interview with the author, April 5, 1986.

34.
This account of the workings of the White House staff came from about twenty background interviews of the senior staff members and their aides with the author in 1981.

35.
This draws on the excellent account of the evolution of the presidential apparatus during six presidencies, Roosevelt through Nixon, given by Stephen Hess in
Organizing the Presidency
(Washington: Brookings Institution, 1976). The recent staff figures came from the Reagan White House in August 1986.

36.
Paul Light, interview with the author, August 15, 1986.

37.
Alexander M. Haig, Jr.,
Caveat
(New York: Macmillan, 1984), p. 83.

38.
Michael Deaver, interviews with the author, June 10, 1985 and January 24, 1988.

39.
Haig,
op. cit.
, p. 84.

40.
Richard Darman, interview with the author, April 5, 1986.

41.
Michael K. Deaver, interview with the author, June 10, 1985.

42.
At the senior echelons of government, having cabinet rank is enormously important. After four years as White House chief of staff, Jim Baker wanted a top cabinet post to gain public authority and prestige. Jeane Kirkpatrick told friends that she probably would not have become ambassador to the United Nations if Reagan had not promised the post would carry cabinet rank.

43.
Haig,
op. cit.
, p. 12.

44.
Haig,
op. cit.
, p. 60.

45.
This account comes from three senior White House officials and two State Department officials close to Haig.

46.
Haig, interview with the author, February 20, 1985.

47.
Haig,
op. cit.
, p. 17.

48.
Michael J. Blumenthal, interview with the author, November 25, 1986.

49.
In
Gambling With History
(New York: Doubleday, 1983), Laurence 1. Barrett gives an account rich in detail on the Reagan White House in its first two years. The chapter on Meese is especially good.

50.
Edwin Meese, in one of several interviews with the author during early 1981.

51.
Tony Kornheiser of
The Washington Post
did an excellent story on Baker on a turkey shoot, January 18, 1981, p. G1.

52.
From the author’s background interviews with several of those most closely involved.

53.
James A. Baker III, quoted in press conference on
The McNeil/Lehrer Newshour
, aired on the Public Broadcasting System, January 26, 1981.

54.
The account that follows is drawn from background interviews by the author with five officials closely involved, all of whom spoke on condition that they not be quoted by name.

55.
This account is constructed with interviews from two senior White House officials, both or whom asked to remain anonymous.

56.
Richard E. Neustadt, interview with the author, November 14, 1986.

57.
Ellen Hume and Jane Mayer, “The Rise and Fall of Don Regan,”
Regardie’s
, January 1987, p. 96.

1.
Thomas E. Cronin,
The State of the Presidency
(Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1975) p. 84.

2.
Harry McPherson,
A Political Education
(Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1972), p. 268.

3.
See Tom Wicker,
JFK and LBJ
(New York: Morrow, 1968), pp. 135–48.

4.
James B. Reston,
The New York Times
, November 15, 1963.

5.
Mark Siegel, interview with the author, January 2, 1986.

6.
Robert Shogan,
Promises to Keep: Carter’s First Hundred Days
(New York, Crowell, 1977) p. 204.

7.
James MacGregor Burns,
The Power to Lead
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), p. 34.

8.
This account comes from both Carter and Reagan White House officials and draws on
Countdown to the White House—the Reagan Transition
, a documentary produced by WGBH-TV in Boston and Harvard University’s Institute of Politics, aired on WGBH, January 21, 1981.

9.
John Rogers, interview with the author, October 17, 1986, and Eugene Eidenberg, interview with the author, October 22, 1986.

10.
Reagan’s Chicago speech on September 9, 1980, the foundation for Reagan’s agenda in 1981, had five goals: (1) controlling the growth of government spending; (2) cutting personal income tax rates and reducing business taxes; (3) trimming back government regulations; (4) sound, stable monetary policy; (5) consistency in economic policies.

11.
David Gergen, interview with the author, August 6, 1985.

12.
Cronin,
op. cit.
, pp. 264–5.

13.
Reagan transition team, unpublished
Final Report of the Initial Actions Project
, January 29, 1981, p. 5.

14.
David Gergen, interview with the author, August 6, 1985.

15.
Jude Wanniski,
The Way the World Works
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pp. ix–xxxvii. His book is a supply-side bible.

16.
Ibid.
, pp. xii–xiv.

17.
Burns,
op. cit
. pp. 59–62. Burns neatly divides the New Right into the market right and the moralistic right.

18.
Thomas P. O’Neill, Jr., interview with the author, October 31, 1986.

19.
David Gergen, interview with the author, August 6, 1985.

20.
David A. Stockman, interview with the author, January 6, 1986.

21.
Stuart Eizenstat, interview with the author, August 8, 1986.

22.
David A. Stockman, interview with the author, January 6, 1986.

23.
Countdown to the White House—the Reagan Transition
, a documentary produced by WGBH Boston and Harvard University’s Institute of Politics, aired on WGBH January 21, 1981.

24.
David A. Stockman,
The Triumph of Politics: Why the Reagan Revolution Failed
(New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 87.

25.
Richard Wirthlin, interview with the author, November 1, 1985, gave an account of the meeting and Reagan’s reaction.

26.
Summary of the final report of the Initial Actions Project, January 29, 1981, p. 22.

27.
Stockman,
op. cit.
, p. 56.

28.
Pete V. Domenici, interview with the author, April 11, 1986; and Steve Bell, interview with the author, January 26, 1986.

29.
James A. Baker, III. interview with the author, January 26, 1986.

30.
Howard H. Baker, Jr., interview with the author, January 14, 1986.

31.
David A. Stockman, interviews with the author, January 6 and 7, 1986.

32.
This account comes from interviews with six senior Reagan lieutenants, all of whom asked to remain anonymous except Stockman.

33.
William Greider, “The Education of David Stockman,”
Atlantic Monthly
, December 1981, pp. 46–47.

34.
Christopher Matthews, interview with the author, August 7, 1985.

35.
Dennis Thomas, interview with the author, January 8, 1986.

36.
See Martin Schram, “GOP Shot Across Democrats’ Bow Fizzles in Barrel,”
The Washington Post
, August 11, 1984, p. A8. House Republican budget experts also tried comparisons with a putative Mondale-Ferraro budget, but Reagan’s deficits were still roughly double potential Democratic budgets.

37.
James A. Baker III, interview with the author, February 25, 1986.

38.
Ed Rollins, interview with the author, December 9, 1985; and Richard Wirthlin, interview with the author, February 18, 1986.

39.
Richard Wirthlin, interview with the author, February 18, 1986.

40.
Ed Rollins, interview with the author, December 9, 1985.

41.
Richard Wirthlin, interview with the author, February 18, 1986

42.
Kirk O’Donnell, interview with the author, June 3, 1985.

43.
James A. Baker III, interview with the author, November 7, 1986.

44.
Donald T. Regan, interview with the author, April 26, 1985.

45.
Arthur Burns,
The United States and Germany: A Vital Partnership
(New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1986), pp. 12–14.

46.
The New York Times
, April 18, 1945, p. 1.

47.
Michael K. Deaver, interview with the author, June 10, 1985.

48.
William Woessner, interview with the author, September 18, 1986.

49.
William Henkel, interview with the author, September 20, 1986.

50.
Hans Tuck, interview with the author, November 5, 1986.

51.
Stuart Spencer, interview with the author, March 8, 1986.

52.
Ed Rollins, interview with the author, December 9, 1985.

53.
Frederick Ahearn, interview with the author, January 5, 1987.

54.
This account is drawn from interviews with William Henkel, September 20, 25, and October 16, 1986, and from two other close Reagan associates.

55.
Michael Deaver, interview with the author, June 10, 1985.

56.
Richard Wirthlin, interview with the author, September 17, 1986.

57.
Michael Deaver, interview with the author, September 17, 1985.

58.
Stockman,
op. cit.
, p. 133.

59.
Greider,
op. cit
.

60.
See
Economic Report of the President
to Congress, February 1986 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986), p.254. Reagan’s average of 2.36% and Carter’s of 3.07% real growth were derived from the GNP figures year by year and matching figures from
World Economic Outlook
, April 1986 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, 1986), p. 180

61.
David A. Stockman, interview with the author, January 6, 1986.

62.
David Stockman, interview with the author, January 6 and 7, 1986; account partly confirmed by other officials speaking on background. See also Stockman,
op. cit.
, p.97.

63.
David A. Stockman, interview with the author, January 7, 1986.

64.
William Schneider, Jr., “National Defense,” in
Agenda for Progress
(Washington: The Heritage Foundation, 1981), p. 8.

65.
Richard A. Stubbing, interview with the author, November 3, 1986. A high Pentagon
official, speaking anonymously, confirmed Stubbing’s account. Also see Richard A. Stubbing,
The Defense Game
(New York: Harper & Row, 1986), pp. 374–5.

66.
William Schneider, Jr., interview with the author, October 28, 1986.

67.
Caspar Weinberger, interview with the author, March 28, 1986.

68.
William Schneider, Jr., interview with the author, October 28, 1986.