Real Food (35 page)

8. M. L. Burr, et al., "Effects of Changes in Fat, Fish, and Fiber Intakes on Death and Myocardial Reinfarction: Diet and
Reinfarction Trial (DART),"
Lancet
2, no.
8666
(1989):
757-61.

9. J. E. Kinsella. "Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Factors Related to Cardiovascular Disease,"
American Journal of Cardiology
60, no. 12 (1987): 23G-32G.

10. Simopoulos, "Omega-3 Fats in Health and Disease and in Growth and Development," 448.

11. Stoll,
The Omega-3 Connection,
44-45.

12. Talk by Michel Odent attended by the author.

13. B. J. Stordy, "Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Educational Achievement, and Behavior: A Review of New Research,
1998-2002," Stordy Jones Nutrition Consultants, Guildford, England.

14. G. Hornstra, "Essential Fatty Acids in Mothers and Their Neonates,"
American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition
71 (May 2000): S1262-1269.

15. David Horrobin was a pioneer in the development of therapies based on the biochemistry of fats. He sparked a minor revolution
in fat research and founded two pharmaceutical companies. He died in 2003.

16. Jerome Burn, "Why Fat on the Brain Can Drive You Insane,"
Financial Times,
April 14-15, 2001.

17. Michel Odent, "Mercury Exposure During the Primal Period,"
Journal of Prenatal
and Perinatal Psychology and Health
18, no. 3 (2004): 212-20.

18. "Study Finds Government Advisories on Fish Consumption and Mercury May Do More Harm Than Good," press release, Harvard
School of Public Health, October 19, 2005. See also Eric Nagourney, "Public Health: Before Avoiding Fish, a Word to the Wise,"
New York Times,
October 25, 2005.

19. For the full report, see www.consumerlab.com. Another source of mercury is amalgam dental fillings. Replace them if you
can.

5. Real Fruit and Vegetables

1. Marilyn Sterling, "Anthocyanins,"
Nutrition and Science News,
December 2001.

2. For more, see Andrew Kimbrell, ed.,
Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial
Agriculture
(Sausalito, CA: Foundation for Deep Ecology by arrangement with Island Press).

3. Felicity Lawrence,
Not on the Label: What Really Goes into the Food on Your
Plate
(London: Penguin, 2004), 29-31.

4. "Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential," Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July
19, 2004.

5. Alyson E. Mitchell et al., "Comparison of the Total Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Content of Freeze-Dried and Air-Dried Marionberry,
Strawberry, and Corn Grown Using Conventional, Organic, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices,"
Journal of
Agricultural Food Chemistry
51, no. 5 (2003): 1237-41.

6. Judith DeCava, "The Lee Philosophy, Part 2,"
Health and Healing Wisdom
(journal of the Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation) 29, no. 1 (2005): 14-18.

6.
Real Fats

1. B. V. Howard et al., "Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. The Women's Health Initiative Randomized
Controlled Dietary Modification Trial."
Journal of the American Medical Association
295 (2006):
655-666;
and R. L. Prentice et al., "Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer. The Women's Health Initiative Randomized
Controlled Dietary Modification Trial."
Journal of the American Medical Association 295
(2006): 629-642.

2. B. N. Ames, "Dietary Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens. Oxygen Radicals and Degenerative Diseases,"
Science
221, no. 4617 (1983): 1256-64.

3. "Findings,"
Harper's,
July 2005, 100.

4. M. L. Garg et al,
FASEB Journal 2,
no. 4 (1988): A852; and R. M. Oliart Ros et al., "Meeting Abstracts,"
AOCS
PROCEEDINGS, May 1998, 7, Chicago, Illinois.

5. Bruce J. German and Cora J. Dillard, "Saturated Fats: What Dietary Intake?"

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
80, no. 3 (2004): 550-59.

6. Comments to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee submitted by the Weston A. Price Foundation on January 16, 2004.
See also L. D. Lawson and F. Kummerow,
Lipids
14 (1979): 501-3; and M. L. Garg,
Lipids
24, no. 4 (1989): 334-39.

7. Kilmer McCully,
The Homocysteine Revolution: A Bold New Approach to the
Prevention of Heart Disease
(Los Angeles: Keats, 1997), 115.

8. Mary Enig,
Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition
of Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol
(Silver Spring, MD: Bethesda Press, 2002), 187.

9. Testimony of Mary Enig, FDA Hearing on Exploring the Connections Between Weight Management and Food Labels and Packaging,
docket no. 2003N-0338, "Trans Fatty Acids in Nutrition Labeling," November 20, 2003.

10. K. C. Hayes,
Canadian Journal of Cardiology
11 (1995): Suppl. G, 39-46. See also Ronald P. Mensink. "Effects of Stearic Acid on Plasma Lipid and Lipoproteins in Humans,"
Lipids
40 (2005): 1201-5.

11. International Food Information Council Review: "Sorting Out the Facts About Fat," July 1998, International Food Information
Council, www.ific.org/publi cations/reviews/fatir.cfm.

12. German, and Dillard, "Saturated Fats," 553.

13. Ibid., 550-59.

14. M. Leosdottir et al., "Dietary. Fat Intake and Early Mortality Patterns— Data from the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study,"
Journal of Internal Medicine
258 (2005): 153-65.

15. K. C. Hayes and P. Khosla, "Dietary Fat Thresholds and Cholesterolemia,"
FASEB
Journal 6
(1992): 2600-2607.

16. K. Sundram, K. C. Hayes, and O. H. Siru, "Dietary Palmitic Acid Results in Lower Serum Cholesterol Than Does a Lauric-Myristic
Acid Combination in Normolipemic Humans,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
59, no. 4 (1994): 841-46.

17. R. W Owen, A. Giacosa, W. E. Hull, R. Haubner, G. Wurtele, B. Spiegelhalder, and H. Bartsch, "Olive-Oil Consumption and
Health: The Possible Role of Antioxidants,"
Lancet Oncology
1 (2000): 107-12.

18. A. K. Kiritsakis; contrib. by E. B. Lenart, W C. Willet, and R. J. Hernandez,
Olive
Oil: From the Tree to the Table.
(Trumbull, CT: Food and Nutrition Press, 1998), 15.

19. P. Knickerbocker,
Olive Oil: From Tree to Table
(San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1997), 16.

20. Kiritsakis et al.,
Olive Oil,
191.

21. D. M. Colquhoun, B. J. Hicks, and A. W Reed, "Phenolic Content of Olive Oil Is Reduced in Extraction and Refining: Analysis
of Phenolic Content of Three Grades of Olive and Ten Seed Oils,"
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5
(1996): 105-7.

22. Owen et al., "Olive-Oil Consumption and Health," 107-12.

23. A. Trichopoulou, K. Katsouyanni, S. Stuver, L. Tzala, C. Gnardellis, E. Rimm, and D. Trichopoulos, "Consumption of Olive
Oil and Specific Food Groups in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in Greece,"
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
87, no. 2 (1995): 110-16.

24. M. Fito, M. I. Covas, R. M. Lamuela-Raventos, J. Vila, L. Torrents, C. de la Torre, and J. Marrugat. "Protective Effect
of Olive Oil and Its Phenolic Compounds Against Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation,"
Lipids
35, no. 6 (2000): 633-38.

25. Fran McCullough,
Good Fat
(New York: Scribner, 2003), 115.

26. Bruce Fife,
The Healing Miracles of Coconut Oil,
revised 3rd ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: HealthWise, 2003), 61, 101-2.

27. Mary Enig, "Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An Important Functional Food for the 21st Century," presented
at the AVOC Lauric Oils Symposium, Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam, April 25, 1996.

28. C. Calabrese, S. Myer, S. Munson, P. Turet, and T. C. Birdsall, "A Cross-over Study of the Effect of a Single Oral Feeding
of Medium Chain Triglyceride Oil vs. Canola Oil on Post-ingestion Plasma Triglyceride Levels in Healthy Men,"
Alternative Medicine Review
4, no. 1 (1999): 23-28.

29. M. P. St.-Onge and P. J. Jones, "Physiological Effects of Medium-Chain Triglycerides: Potential Agents in the Prevention
of Obesity,"
Journal of Nutrition
132, no. 3 (2002): 329-32.

30. J. M. Stanhope, V. M. Sampson, and I. A. Prior, "The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: Serum Lipid Concentration in Two Environments,"
Journal of Chronic
Disease
34, nos. 2-3 (1981): 45-55.

31. Enig, "Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil."

32. N. Nosaka, M. Kasai, M. Nakamura, I. Takahashi, M. Itakura, H. Takeuchi, T. Aoyama, H. Tsuji, M. Okazaki, and K. Kondo,
"Effects of Dietary MediumChain Triacylglycerols on Serum Lipoproteins and Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Men,"
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 66,
no. 8 (2002): 1713-18.

33. H. Kaunitz, "Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) in Aging and Arteriosclerosis,"
Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 6,
nos. 3-4 (1986): 115-21.

34. Sundram et al., "Dietary Palmitic Acid Results in Lower Serum Cholesterol," 841-46.

35. T. K. Ng, K. Hassan, J. B. Lim, M. S. Lye, and R. Ishak, "Nonhypercholesterolemic Effects of a Palm-Oil Diet in Malaysian
Volunteers,"
American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition
53, no. 4 (1991): S1015-20.

36. Enig, "Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil."

37. N. de Roos, E. Schouten, and M. Katan, "Consumption of a Solid Fat Rich in Lauric Acid Results in a More Favorable Serum
Lipid Profile in Healthy Men and Women Than Consumption of a Solid Fat Rich in Trans Fatty Acids,"
Journal of
Nutrition
131, no. 2 (2001): 242-45.

7.
Industrial Fats

1. A form of trans fats does occur naturally in ruminants, or grass eaters. It is the precursor to the omega-6 fatty acid
conjugated linoleic acid, the anticancer agent found in the fat of grass-fed cattle. But this natural trans fat is chemically
different from industrial trans fat and quite safe.

2. Linda Joyce Forristal, "The Rise and Fall of Crisco," www.motherlindas.com. The article first appeared in the Summer 2001
issue of
Wise Traditions,
the newsletter of the Weston A. Price Foundation.

3. Uffe Ravnskov,
The Cholesterol Myths: Exposing the Fallacy That Saturated
Fat and Cholesterol Cause Heart Disease
(Washington, DC: NewTrends, 2000), 229.

4. A. Ascherio, M. J. Stampfer, and W C. Willett, "Trans Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease," background and scientific
review prepared by the Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; the Channing Laboratory,
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, November 15, 1999.

5. N. M. de Roos, M. L. Bots, and M. B. Katan, "Replacement of Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids by Trans Fatty Acids Lowers Serum
HDL Cholesterol and Impairs Endothelial Function in Healthy Men and Women,"
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis,
and Vascular Biology
21 (July 2001): 1233.

6. J. Booyens, C. C. Louwrens, and I. E. Katzeff, "The Role of Unnatural Dietary Trans and Cis Unsaturated Fatty Acids in
the Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease,"
Medical Hypotheses 25,
no. 3 (1988): 175-82.

7. J. T. Anderson, F. Grande, and A. Keys, "Hydrogenated Fats in the Diet and Lipids in the Serum of Man,"
Journal of Nutrition 75
(1961): 388-94.

8. Nina Teicholz, "Heart Breaker,"
Gourmet,
June 2004.

9. Ascherio et al., "Trans Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease."

10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, National Academy of Sciences, "Letter Report
on Dietary Reference Intakes for Trans Fatty Acids. Drawn from the Report on Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate,
Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids," 2002, 4, 14.

11. www.bantransfats.com

12. The extraordinary advance of corn is well told in Michael Pollan,
The Omnivore's
Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals
(2006); Richard Manning,
Against
the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004); and Margaret Visser,
Much Depends on Dinner: The
Extraordinary History and Mythology, Allure and Obsessions, Perils and Taboos,
of an Ordinary Meal
(New York: Grove Press, 1986).

13. A. P. Simopoulos, "Omega-3 Fats in Wild Plants, Nuts and Seeds,"
Asia Pacific
Journal of Clinical Nutrition
11 (2002): S163-73.

14. M. Wardlaw Gordon, J. S. Hampl, and R. A. DiSilvestro,
Perspectives in Nutrition,
6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 184-85.

15. Ibid., 185.

16. P. Reaven, S. Parthasarathy, B. J. Grasse, E. Miller, F. Almazan, F. H. Mattson, J.C. Khoo, D. Steinberg, and J. L. Witztum,
"Feasibility of Using an Oleate-Rich Diet to Reduce the Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoprotein to Oxidative Modification
in Humans,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
54, no. 4 (1991): 701-6.

17. Daniel Yam, Abraham Eliraz, and Elliot M. Berry, "Diet and Disease— the Israeli Paradox: Possible Dangers of a High Omega-6
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Diet,"
Israeli Journal of Medical Science
32, no. 11 (1996): 1134-43. See also more recent work by E. M. Berry and Gal Dubnov from the Department of Human Nutrition
and Metabolism at Hadassah Medical School of Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

18. I highly recommend Jo Robinson's book,
Pasture Perfect: The Far-Reaching
Benefits of Choosing Meat, Eggs, and Dairy Products from Grass-Fed Animals
(Vashon, WA: Vashon Island Press, 2004). Her Web site, www.eatwild.com, is frequently updated. There she writes, "If you were
to inject a colony of rats with human cancer cells and then put some of the rats on a corn oil diet, some on a butterfat diet,
and some on a beef fat diet, the ones given the omega-6 rich corn oil would be afflicted with larger and more aggressive tumors"
(October 2005). Many studies back this up.