Read Reformers to Radicals Online
Authors: Thomas Kiffmeyer
Reformers to Radicals (48 page)
66
. Appalachian Volunteers Board Meeting Minutes, June 6, 1970, and Complaint, In the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, February 28, 1970, AV Papers, box 11; Whisnant,
Modernizing the Mountaineer
, 208.
67
. “Council of the Southern Mountains Seek New Paths”; Business Meeting [Minutes] 57th Annual Conference, Council of the Southern Mountains, Fontana Village, NC, April 10, 1969, CSM Papers, box 173; Glen, “The War on Poverty in Appalachia,” 53â54.
68
. The Council of the Southern Mountains in Transition, July 1970, and Business Meeting [Minutes] 58th Annual Conference, Council of the Southern Mountains, Lake Junaluska, NC, April 25â26, 1970, CSM Papers, box 173; Loyal Jones to Council Members and Friends, September 24, 1969, CSM Papers, box 159; Glen, “The War on Poverty in Appalachia,” 54â55.
69
. “Council of the Southern Mountains Seek New Paths”; Glen, “The War on Poverty in Appalachia,” 53â57.
1
. Ross, “A Kentucky Mine Town Speaks Its Mind” (quote). See also Ross,
Machine Age in the Hills
, On Reconstruction, see Foner,
Reconstruction
, Waller's
Feud
illustrates how “modernizers” from outside the region used a negative image of Appalachians to justify their exploitation of the region. Two additional important works that investigate the creation of an Appalachian “otherness” are Shapiro's
Appalachia on Our Mind
and Batteau's
The Invention of Appalachia
,
2
. In
Poverty Knowledge
, O'Connor argues that this version of liberalism still dominates American ideology today.
3
. Glen (“The War on Poverty in Appalachia,” esp. 56) suggested this fault in the OEO strategy in the mountains. For an in-depth discussion of the history of community action, see Matusow,
The Unraveling of America
, 122â26, 243â71; and Kravitz, “The Community Action Program.” Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, Public Law 88â46, Title II, Sec. 2 (quote).
Most former AVs interviewed claimed that the “maximum feasible participation” clause was paramount in their strategizing. See Oral History Interviews with Flem Messer, February 26, 1990, Danville, KY, Joe Mulloy, November 10, 1990, Huntington, WV, Milton Ogle, April 5, 1991, Charlestown, WV, and Jack Rivel, February 12, 1991, Berea, KY, WOP Oral History Project. For an excellent discussion of the roles that political resources play in a pluralist democracy, see Dahl,
Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy
, On the fact that, in eastern Kentucky, the coal companies controlled both politics and economics, including
welfare systems, see Whisnant,
Modernizing the Mountaineer
, 105 and chap. 9; and Caudill, “Corporate Fiefdom,” and “The Permanent Poor.”
4
. Harold Kwalwasser to Tom, March 14, 1967, AV Papers, box 25 (emphasis added). The recipient was either Tom Bethell or Tom Rhodenbaugh.
5
. Memorandum, David Walls to AV Staff, November 6, 1967, AV Papers, box 11. See chapter 7 above. See also Dittmer,
Local People
,
6
. “A Tax Paying Citizen” to Blanche Dreyfuss, January 10, 1967, AV Papers, box 22. In a report to the AV staff, the same Volunteer who established the Blue Springs PTA commented: “The main work I have done in Rockcastle County it seems, for the past 6 months is convincing people I am not a communist.” See Rockcastle County [Report], n.d., AV Papers, box 9.
7
. Moynihan,
Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding
, 134 (first quote), 135â36 (second quote).
8
. Statement on Appalachian Volunteers, September 8, 1967, AV Papers, box 11 (first two quotes); Statement on Appalachian Volunteers Situation in Kentucky, September 11, 1967, AV Papers, box 13 (last two quotes). In a letter to the OEO director, Sargent Shriver, that same month, Governor Breathitt himself expressed “concern over âmounting damage to the entire anti-poverty program stemming from the actions of . . . the Volunteers stationed in Kentucky.'” See A Special Report to Governor Edward T. Breathitt, [1967], AV Papers, box 8.
9
. Gaventa,
Power and Powerlessness
, 110. For an examination of how civil rights activists experienced similar attacks, see esp. Carson,
In Struggle
,
10
. The Joint Legislative Committee on Un-American Activities, Hearings Held at Pikeville, Kentucky, October 15 and 16, 1968, pp. 71â72, AV Papers, Part II, box 5, discusses the possibility that the AVs and McSurely hoped to distribute Communist literature in the county.
11
. Ibid., 84â85.
12
. See Gaventa,
Power and Powerlessness
, 254 (quote); and Dahl,
Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy
, 43â45.
13
. “Speech by Senator Robert Byrd (W.VA),” 27621 (Byrd's remarks); Matusow,
Unraveling of America
, 395 (last quote).
14
. Introduction: History and Description of CSM and Mountain Life and Work, [ca. 1983] (first quote), Council of the Southern Mountains Papers, 1970â1989, and [Notes], [ca. 1980] (second and third quotes), box 1, Special Collections, Hutchins Library, Berea College, Berea, KY. In early 2007, Berea College opened to researchers the “Second Part” of the Council of the Southern Mountains Papers. Covering the years 1970â1989, this collection contains the various commission records and, of course, documents the activities of the CSM after the reorganization of 1969â1970.
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