Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (50 page)
Read Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future Online
Authors: Martin Ford
6
. Steven Brint, “The Educational Lottery,”
Los Angeles Review of Books,
November 15, 2011,
http://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/the-educational-lottery
.
7
. Nicholas Carr, “Transparency Through Opacity” (blog),
Rough Type,
May 5, 2014,
http://www.roughtype.com/?p=4496
.
8
. Erik Brynjolfsson, “Race Against the Machine,” presentation to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), May 3, 2013,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/PCAST_May3_Erik%20Brynjolfsson.pdf
, p. 28.
9
. Claire Cain Miller and Chi Birmingham, “A Vision of the Future from Those Likely to Invent It,”
New York Times
(The Upshot), May 2, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/05/02/upshot/FUTURE.html
.
10
. F. A. Hayek,
Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 3: The Political Order of a Free People
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), pp. 54–55.
11
. Ibid., p. 55.
12
. John Schmitt, Kris Warner, and Sarika Gupta, “The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, June 2010,
http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/incarceration-2010–06.pdf
.
13
. John G. Fernald and Charles I. Jones, “The Future of US Economic Growth,”
American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings
104, no. 5 (2014): 44–49,
http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.104.5.44
.
14
. Sam Peltzman, “The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation,”
Journal of Political Economy
83, no. 4 (August 1975),
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1830396?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21103816422091
.
15
. Hanna Rosin, “The Overprotected Kid,”
The Atlantic,
March 19, 2014,
http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/03/hey-parents-leave-those-kids-alone/358631/
.
16
. “Improving Social Security in Canada, Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper,” Government of Canada, 1994,
http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/ssrgai.htm
.
17
. One analysis of costs and potential offsets from programs that could be eliminated is here: Danny Vinik, “Giving All Americans a Basic Income Would End Poverty,”
Slate,
November 17, 2013,
http://www.slate.com/blogs/business_insider/2013/11/17/american_basic_income_an_end_to_poverty.html
.
18
. Noah Smith, “The End of Labor: How to Protect Workers from the Rise of Robots,”
The Atlantic,
January 14, 2013,
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/01/the-end-of-labor-how-to-protect-workers-from-the-rise-of-robots/267135/
.
19
. Nelson D. Schwartz, “217,000 Jobs Added, Nudging Payrolls to Levels Before the Crisis,”
New York Times,
June 6, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/07/business/labor-department-releases-jobs-data-for-may.html
.
C
ONCLUSION
1
. Shawn Sprague, “What Can Labor Productivity Tell Us About the U.S. Economy?,” US Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Beyond the Numbers
3, no. 12 (May 2014),
http://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/pdf/what-can-labor-productivity-tell-us-about-the-us-economy.pdf
.
2
. National Climate Assessment, “Welcome to the National Climate Assessment,”
Global
Change.gov
,
n.d.,
http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/
.
3
. Stephen Lacey, “Chart: 2/3rds of Global Solar PV Has Been Installed in the Last 2.5 Years,”
GreenTechMedia.com
,
August 13, 2013,
http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/chart-2–3rds-of-global-solar-pv-has-been-connected-in-the-last-2.5-years
.
4
. Lauren Feeney, “Climate Change No Problem, Says Futurist Ray Kurzweil,”
The Guardian,
February 21, 2011,
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/21/ray-kurzweill-climate-change
.
5
. “Climate Change in the American Mind: Americans’ Global Warming Beliefs and Attitudes in April 2013,” Yale Project on Climate Change Communication/George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication,
http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/Climate-Beliefs-April-2013.pdf
.
6
. Rebecca Riffkin, “Climate Change Not a Top Worry in U.S.,”
Gallup Politics,
March 12, 2014,
http://www.gallup.com/poll/167843/climate-change-not-top-worry.aspx
.
ABB Group,
10
accelerometer,
4–5
ACFR.
See
Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR)
adaptive learning systems,
143
Adenhart, Nick,
83
Ad Hoc Committee on the Triple Revolution,
30–31
administrative costs, higher education,
140–141
Aethon, Inc.,
154
Affordable Care Act,
151
,
165
,
167n
,
168n
,
204
,
279
aging populations,
xvii
,
220–223
,
224
AI.
See
artificial intelligence (AI)
“AI winters,”
231
Alaska, annual dividend,
268
algorithms
acceleration in development of,
71
automated trading,
56
,
113–115
increasing efficiency of,
64
machine learning,
89
,
93
,
100–101
,
107–115
,
130–131
threat to jobs,
xv
,
85–86
alien invasion parable,
194–196
,
240
“All Can Be Lost: The Risk of Putting Our Knowledge in the Hands of Machines” (Carr),
254
all-payer ceiling,
168–169
all-payer rates,
167–169
artificial intelligence and,
231
cloud computing and,
104–105
,
107
delivery model,
190
,
190n
“Mechanical Turk” service,
125n
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices),
70n
American Airlines,
179
American Hospital Association,
168
American Motors,
76
Andreesen, Marc,
107
Apple, Inc.,
17
,
20
,
51
,
92
,
106–107
,
279
Apple Watch,
160
apps, difficulty in monetizing,
79
Arai, Noriko,
127–128
Aramco,
68
Ariely, Dan,
47n
art, machines creating,
111–113
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI),
231–233
dark side of,
238–241
the Singularity and,
233–238
artificial intelligence (AI),
xiv
arms race and,
232
,
239–240
in medicine,
147–153
narrow,
229–230
offshoring and,
118–119
warnings concerning dangers of,
229
See also
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
;
automation
;
information technology
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Stanford University),
6
artificial neural networks,
90–92
.
See also
deep learning
The Atlantic
(magazine),
71
,
237
,
254
,
273
Audi,
184
Australian agriculture,
x–xi
,
24–25
Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR),
24–25
AutoDesk,
234
automated invention machines,
110
automated trading algorithms,
56
,
113–115
automation
alien invasion parable,
194–196
,
240
anti-automation view,
253–257
cars and (
see
autonomous cars
)
effect on Chinese manufacturing,
3
,
10–11
,
225–226
effect on prices,
215–216
health care jobs and,
172–173
information technology and,
52
job-market polarization and,
50–51
low-wage jobs and,
26–27
offshoring as precursor to,
115
,
118–119