Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (54 page)
Read Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future Online
Authors: Martin Ford
SyNAPSE,
80n
Watson,
20
,
96–104
,
104
,
106
,
118
,
147–148
,
229–230
virtual,
116–117
immortality, Singularity and,
235
,
236
Inc.
(magazine),
234
incentives
basic income guarantee and,
261–264
economic,
279
income
consumer behavior and reduced,
210–211
decline in, for recent college graduates,
48–49
distribution preferred by American public,
47
national, share going to labor,
38–39
,
41
,
56
,
58
ratio to debt,
199–200
retirement,
222
See also
basic income guarantee
income inequality,
xvi–xvii
consumer spending and,
198–202
economic growth and,
212–215
economists on,
202–206
financialization and,
56
increase in,
xi–xii
,
46–48
,
212–215
politics as driver of,
57
income stagnation, economic effects of,
215–220
The Independent
(newspaper),
229
India,
120
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
245
Indonesia,
11
Industrial Perception, Inc.,
2
,
3
,
5
,
21n
inflation, relation between wages and productivity and,
38n
informal economy,
77–78
information technology,
xvi
acceleration of,
52
,
63–65
characteristics of,
69–73
cloud computing and jobs in,
106
cognitive capability of,
72
,
73
comparative advantage and,
73–75
compared to electrification,
72–73
,
176
disruption of higher education and,
139–144
economic trends and,
58–61
financial sector growth and,
56–57
funding of basic research for,
80–81
as general-purpose technology,
72
health care sector and,
145–147
lack of broad-based progress and,
64–65
moral questions regarding,
79–81
S-curves,
68
,
69–70
winner-take-all distribution and,
75–79
See also
artificial intelligence (AI)
;
Moore’s Law
infrastructure, investment in public,
276
In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State
(Murray),
262–263
In-Q-Tel,
85
Inside Higher Ed
(website),
136
Institute of Medicine,
149
Intel,
70n
intelligence
machine,
72
,
75
,
80
replication of,
75
super-intelligence,
236
,
236n
Intelligent Information Laboratory (Northwestern University),
84
intelligent vending machines and kiosks,
17–19
International Federation of Robotics,
3
International Labour Organisation,
181
International Monetary Fund,
214
,
215
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS),
69
Internet
beginning of,
52
big data and,
86
corporations spawned by,
75–76
effect on thinking ability,
254
income opportunities and,
76
medical resources on,
148
winner-take-all distribution and,
75–79
Internet sector,
76–78
investment
in labor-savings technology,
227–228
in public infrastructure,
276
recessions and,
227
iRobot,
5
I-Sur project,
154–155
ITRS.
See
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)
Japan
automated harvesting in,
24
elder care robots in,
155
,
156–157
graying workforce and,
221
,
222
labor’s share of national income in,
41
Jefferson, Thomas,
259n
Jensen, Robert,
78
Jeopardy!
(television program), Watson and,
xiv
,
96–101
,
104
job creation,
xi
by decade,
44
diminishing,
43–44
following Great Recession,
280
information technology and,
176
Internet companies
vs.
automotive industry and,
76
keeping pace with population growth,
26
,
44
,
249
jobless recoveries,
44–46
,
52
,
280
job-market polarization,
50–51
,
53
jobs
disappearance of middle-class,
49
low-wage,
26–27
part-time,
49–51
purchasing power and,
xvii
,
197
reshoring and manufacturing,
8–12
See also
employment
;
knowledge-based jobs
;
white-collar jobs
Jobs, Steve,
161
Johns Hopkins,
133
Johnson, Lyndon,
29
,
31
,
32–33
,
258
Joy, Bill,
243–244
Kaiser Health News
,
164
Kaku, Michio,
247
Karabarbounis, Loukas,
41
Kasparov, Garry,
xiv
,
97
,
122
,
239
Kerala sardine fisherman, mobile phones and,
78–79
Khan Academy,
132–133
Khoshnevis, Behrokh,
180
King, Martin Luther, Jr.,
29–30
,
250
kiosks, intelligent,
17–19
Kiva Systems,
16
K’NEX,
5–6
knowledge-based jobs
automation of,
85–86
big data and,
93–96
collaboration with machines and,
121–128
See also
white-collar jobs
Koller, Daphne,
133
Koza, John,
110
Kroger Company,
17
Krueger, Alan,
119