Roosevelt (125 page)

Roosevelt as Grand Strategist.
Stilwell’s view of Roosevelt: Stilwell, chap. 11. Roosevelt’s aims in China: Tsou, pp. 33-34, 123-124; Romanus and Sunderland
¹
, pp. 59, 457-458; Gauss to Hull, Aug. 9, 1944, FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI, pp. 139-140. Roosevelt to Chiang on deteriorating military situation: Roosevelt to Chiang, Oct. 5, 1944, Oct. 18, 1944, Romanus and Sunderland
¹
, pp. 459, 468-469; see PC 960, July 7, 1944, 2-3, 8, for a much earlier indication of Roosevelt’s awareness of both the deterioration of Chinese resistance and the role of bombing. Unconditional surrender: address by Roosevelt to White House Correspondents’ Association, Feb. 12, 1943, PPA, 1943, pp. 79-80; see also PC 962, July 29, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 209-211; Hull, chap. 113; Anne Armstrong,
Unconditional Surrender
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961), especially chap. 2. Grand strategy defined: S. E. Morison,
Strategy and Compromise
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1958), pp. 5-6; Greenfield
¹
; Fuller; B. H. Liddell Hart,
Strategy: The Indirect Approach
(Praeger, 1954), pp. 335-336, 362; Urs Schwarz,
American Strategy: A New Perspective
(Doubleday, 1966), chaps. 2, 3, and preface by Henry Kissinger.

View of Roosevelt as military pragmatist or opportunist: Matloff, pp. 3-4; Divine, chap. 4. Roosevelt on Four Freedoms as ultimate stake: PPA, 1941, p. 66; see also Range. Military and civilian ends and means: William T. R. Fox, “Civilians, Soldiers, and American Military Policy,”
World Politics,
April 1955, pp. 402-418. Roosevelt quoted on priority for military policy: Roosevelt to Smuts, Aug. 3, 1942, PL, p. 1337; Roosevelt to Churchill, June 29, 1944, Churchill
⁶
, Appendix, p. 721. A critical treatment of Roosevelt’s unconditional-surrender policy is Armstrong; see also Paul Kecskemeti,
Strategic Surrender: The Politics of Victory and Defeat
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958); Louis J. Halle, “Our War Aims Were Wrong,” NYT
Magazine,
Aug. 22, 1965, pp. 13 ff., and, for a more favorable view, John L. Chase, “Unconditional Surrender Reconsidered,”
Political Science Quarterly,
June 1955, pp. 258-279. Widespread recognition of the impact of unconditional surrender on German resistance: Vandenberg, p. 91; Liddell Hart, memorandum of July 1943, quoted in Armstrong, p. 155; Matloff, pp. 428-432; see also Snell, pp. 115 ff. Roosevelt’s warning to Senators about separating military and political problems: Forrestal, p. 23. Bombay Harbor incident: Ehrman
¹
, pp. 466-468. Atomic developments, fall 1944: Jungk, chap. 11; Stimson Diary. Higgins on Roosevelt: Higgins
²
, p. 141. The two diplomacies: Russell H. Bastert, “The Two American Diplomacies,”
The Yale Review,
Summer 1960, pp. 518-538; see also Acheson, pp. 15-16. Stalin and the art of “dosage”: quoted in Kennan
²
, p. 248. Churchill as grand strategist: Liddell Hart, in A. J. P. Taylor and others,
Churchill: Four Faces and the Man
(London: Penguin, 1969), pp. 155-202; see also, in the same collection, J. H. Plumb, “The Historian,” pp. 119-151, on Churchill’s response to mass popular attitudes and change; this essay is also the source of Churchill on Lloyd George, p. 144. On Churchill and the tides of change, see also Liddell Hart in
ibid.,
pp. 196-199; Churchill
⁰
, p. 351; Moran, p. 265. On certain aspects of the three leaders’ views, see McNeill, pp. 366-368. Roosevelt and Wilson compared: Osgood, pp. 410-411. A book on grand strategy for “the freedom of men,” which Roosevelt was reported to have read (Clapper Diary, June 1, 1942, LC), is H. J. Mackinder,
Democratic Ideals and Reality
(Holt, 1919).

Christmas 1944.
Dewey’s vacation: Hassett, p. 299. Hull’s resignation: Roosevelt to Hull, Nov. 21, 1944, PL, pp. 1554-1555; Hull, pp. 1715-1719. State Department nominations: Hassett, pp. 303-304; Roosevelt to MacLeish, Dec. 1, 1944, PL, pp. 15581559. Press conference, Dec. 19, 1944: PC 984; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 436-437; Drury, pp. 305-307. News from the Bulge: Leahy, p. 282. Battle of the Bulge: John Toland,
Battle
(Random
House, 1959); Eisenhower, chap. 18; Churchill
⁶
, Bk. 1, chap. 17; Hugh M. Cole,
The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge
(Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1965); Hasso von Manteuffel, in Jacobsen and Rohwer, pp. 391-418; and, on a different aspect, “Did Stalin Betray Us in the Battle of the Bulge?,”
American Legion Magazine,
Jan. 1968, pp. 6-13, 48. Churchill on the failure of the strategic objective: Churchill
⁰
, p. 268. Allied bombing: Cole, p. 5; Craven and Cate. Vol. III, chap. 6. Christmas at Hyde Park: Christmas Eve talk to the nation, Dec. 24, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 444-445; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 226-227.

Berlin in Jan. 1945: Hans Rumpf,
The Bombing of Germany
(Holt, 1962); Hans-Georg von Studnitz,
While Berlin Burns
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964). Hitler at this time: Warlimont, pp. 495-497; Bullock, pp. 759-765; Shirer, pp. 1417-1418. Moscow and Stalin: Werth, pp. 951-952; Deborin, pp. 408-411; Kennan
¹
. Churchill to Stalin, Jan. 6, 1945,
Correspondence
¹
, p. 294; Stalin to Churchill, Jan. 7, 1945,
ibid.,
pp. 294-295; Churchill to Stalin, Jan. 9, 1945,
ibid.,
p. 295. Trip to Yalta: Churchill
⁸
, pp. 337-338. Atomic-bomb development: Groves to Marshall, Dec. 30, 1944,
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 383-384; Stimson Diary, Dec. 31, 1944. Hewlitt and Anderson, pp. 333-335. Tokyo: Kirby, pp. 226, 230-232.

“The Only Way to Have a Friend…”
Public attitudes toward Roosevelt and foreign events: Cantril Notebook VI, Dec. 1944, Jan. 1945; Cantril, p. 763; see also Stettinius to Roosevelt, Dec. 30, 1944 and Jan. 6, 1945, memoranda on public-opinion trends based on the Cantril reports, State Department Folder and Stettinius Folder, FDRL. Cabinet meeting, Jan. 5, 1945: Forrestal, p. 21; Stimson notes, Stimson Papers. National war-service legislation: Stimson memorandum for Diary, Dec. 23, 1944, Stimson Papers; Stimson and Forrestal to Roosevelt, Jan. 3, 1945, FDRL; Rosenman, pp. 514-516; Drury, pp. 332, 338. Message on the state of the union, Jan. 6, 1945: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 483-507. Jesse Jones dismissal: Roosevelt to Jones, Jan. 20, 1945, PL, pp. 1566-1567 (carbon of original in State Department Folder, 2-45, FDRL). Question of Perkins resignation: Perkins, pp. 391-394; Roosevelt to Perkins, Jan. 22, 1945, PL, p. 1569. Rumors of administration dissension:
Time,
Jan. 15, 1945, pp. 18-19. Ickes’s troubles: Ickes to Roosevelt, Jan. 13, 1945; Roosevelt to Daniels, Jan. 22, 1945, PSF, Daniels Folder, Box 47; Lilienthal, p. 680.

Roosevelt’s appearance: Perkins, pp. 391, 393; Leahy, p. 290; Lilienthal, p. 676. Early plans for inauguration: PSF, Inauguration File, Aug. 16, 1944; later plans: PC 980, Nov. 14, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 422-424; see also Inauguration File cited above on specific plans for the ceremonies; and Edith Helm Papers, 1945, LC, with inauguration lists and plans, and letters from Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt to Helm, both dated Jan. 22, 1945. The ceremony: Lilienthal, p. 675; Acheson, p. 102;
Time,
Jan. 29, 1945, pp. 18-19; Dorothy Parker,
PM,
Jan. 22, 1945, p. 2. The address: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 523-525 checked against recordings.

The King of the Bears.
Major documentary sources on Yalta:
Malta-Yalta,
1945, which not only is a remarkably full report of the major general and many of the smaller “private” meetings, but also often provides two or three different sets of minutes for the same meeting, thus allowing the historian to compare; Stettinius; Churchill
⁶
, Bk. 2, chaps. 1-4; Rothstein
²
;
Correspondence
²
, pp. 187-193. Many of the participants described the discussions in their memoirs. Of the many works on the conference, John L. Snell (ed.),
The Meaning of Yalta
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1956) is useful; Williams, chap. 6, is perceptive. Roosevelt’s trip to Yalta and arrival:
Malta-Yalta,
p. 54g; Reilly, p. 212; Rigdon, pp. 138-146; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 236-271; Moran, p. 234; Edward J. Flynn, pp. 202 ff. Roosevelt’s appearance: Moran, p. 234; Churchill
⁶
, p. 344. King of the Bears: legend narrated to author by citizen of Yalta, May 1963. Roosevelt on forthcoming meeting: Roosevelt to Laski, Jan. 16, 1945, PL, pp. 1565-1566. Roosevelt’s pre-Yalta urging on Stalin of provisions for voting under international organization:
Correspondence
¹
, pp. 173-174. Harriman on Soviet demand for veto, Dec. 28, 1944:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 64-66. Roosevelt’s initial meeting with Stalin and Molotov:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 570-573. President’s dinner:
Malta-Yalta,
p. 589; Stettinius, pp. 111-116; Eden, p. 512. Stalin as “Uncle Joe”: Stettinius, p. 115; Churchill
⁶
, p. 393. Extra votes for the U.S.S.R. in the new Assembly:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 663-667, 672-677; Stettinius, p. 174; Sherwood, p. 856. Later developments: Stettinius, pp. 193, 195-196;
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 737, 966-967; Churchill
⁶
, pp. 359-360; Byrnes, pp. 40-41; Leahy, p. 310. Stalin’s dinner: Churchill
⁶
, pp. 361-363;
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 797-799.

Immediate background on Poland: “Poland: Government and Boundaries” (preconference State Department study),
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 202-236. Roosevelt’s raising of the issue at Yalta:
Malta-Yalta,
p. 677; further discussion and letters:
ibid.,
pp. 727 ff., 776 ff., 846 ff., 883. Leahy’s reaction: Leahy, pp. 315-316. Proposed text of Declaration on Liberated Europe:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 862-863. Roosevelt on purity of elections:
ibid.,
pp. 853-854. On Poland generally: Smith, chap. 8 and
passim;
Snell,
The Meaning of Yalta,
pp. 14-19 and
passim.
See also John T. Flynn, pp. 388-389.

Asia: The Second Second Front.
Roosevelt’s health at Yalta: Bruenn Ms. (see chap. 15 notes); Churchill
⁶
, p. 477; Moran, p. 242; Nicolson, p. 435; Byrnes, pp. 23, 40; Leahy, pp. 313, 321; Stettinius, p. 73; Harriman testimony,
Military Situation in the Far East,
p. 3330; Edward Flynn, p. 203; John T. Flynn, chap. 14. Roosevelt’s reference to Willkie:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 854, 856. Eden on Roosevelt’s separate negotiations: Eden, p. 513. Roosevelt-Stalin discussion of political conditions for Soviet entrance into the Pacific war:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 768-770. Harriman’s earlier report to Roosevelt on his discussion with Stalin, Dec. 15, 1944:
ibid.,
pp. 378-379. American military policy on Soviet intervention: Harriman testimony, p. 3332;
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 361 ff., 367, 593-594, 757-760; Stettinius, p. 92; Snell,
The Meaning of Yalta,
p. 137. Notion that Russia would enter war in any event: Eden, p. 511. Stalin’s experience with unreliable partners in coalition politics: Ulam, pp. 280-284. Desire of American military for Soviet intervention and awareness of problem of timing: Forrestal, pp. 51,
55; Snell,
The Meaning of Yalta,
pp. 147-148; Deane, pp. 223-226; Tsou, p. 244; Rigdon, pp. 157-158. Louis Morton, “Soviet Intervention in the War with Japan,”
Foreign Affairs,
July 1962, pp. 653-662, clearly sees the problem of timing; see also sources cited therein. Roosevelt’s worry about Soviet ambitions in the Far East:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 894-895. Extent of Soviet claims in the Far East in relation to its military power: Tsou, pp. 245-246, 259. Eden’s reservations: Eden, p. 513; see also Churchill
⁶
, pp. 388-390. Churchill’s dinner at Yalta:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 921 ff.; Churchill
⁶
, pp. 390-393; Stettinius, pp. 272-278.

Winding up Yalta:
Malta-Yalta,
pp. 924-925; Byrnes, p. 22. Roosevelt receives the three monarchs: Leahy, pp. 325-327; Reilly, pp. 216-223; Sherwood, p. 872; PPA, 1944-45, p. 558; Rigdon, chap. 10. Churchill’s visit to Roosevelt at Alexandria: Churchill
⁶
, p. 397. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Feb. 18, 1945: PL, p. 1571. Decline of euphoria: Sherwood, p. 870; Rosenman, p. 526. Watson’s death: Bruenn Ms. (see chap. 15 notes). Trip home across Atlantic: Rosenman, pp. 522-524. Roosevelt’s comment to Berle: Berle to author, Aug. 8, 1969.

Roosevelt’s address to Congress on his trip to Yalta, March 1, 1945: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 570-586, as corrected against recordings; Rosenman, pp. 527-528; Drury, pp. 371-373; Acheson, p. 103.

Europe: The Price of Innocence.
Planning for San Francisco Conference: Roosevelt to Stettinius
et al.,
Feb. 28, 1945, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 565-566; Vandenberg, pp. 94, 172-175;
Correspondence.
Reaction to Yalta: N.Y.
Journal-American,
Feb. 14, 1945; N.Y.
World-Telegram,
Feb. 13, 1945; N.Y.
Daily News,
Feb. 14, 1945; Vandenberg, chap. 9; Cantril to Roosevelt and to Stettinius, March 13, 1945, Cantril Notebook VI. Churchill on likely Soviet reaction: Churchill
⁶
, p. 420. Churchill to Roosevelt on Polish crisis, March 13, 1945: Churchill
⁶
, p. 426. Motivation for Kremlin line: Stettinius, p. 309; Rosenman, p. 539; Ulam, p. 379;
Correspondence
²
. Churchill pressure on Roosevelt: Churchill
⁶
, Bk. 2, chap. 6. Roosevelt to Stalin on Polish situation, March 29, 1945 (received April 1, 1945):
Correspondence
²
, pp. 201-204. Molotov nonattendance at San Francisco Conference: Roosevelt to Stalin, March 24, 1945, PL, p. 1577; Stalin to Roosevelt, March 27, 1945,
Correspondence
²
, pp. 199-200. Extra votes in Assembly for the United States: Roosevelt to Stalin, Feb. 10, 1945; Stalin to Roosevelt, Feb. 11, 1945,
Correspondence
²
, pp. 191-192; later developments: Tully, pp. 356-357; Rosenman, pp. 540-541; Drury, pp. 401-402; Vandenberg, pp. 159-163; Grew to Roosevelt, March 22, 1945, United Nations Conference Folder, FDRL.