business cycles
53
Calderon, Juan Pablo
180
,
184
cancer
and competition between cells
190–1
as Complex System
177
,
187–93
and crowd effect
6
,
70
and fractals
52
and networks
142
,
143
and nutrient supply
93
,
102
,
136
,
188–93
,
189
,
192
treatment
93
,
102
Casti, John
12
Castro, Alexandra Olaya
188–9
,
191–2
,
203–4
casualty data
and terrorism
168–71
,
174
and war
163–4
,
165–71
,
172–4
Challet, Damien
88
,
208
Chaos
39–66
and fractals
49
,
50
,
51–2
,
53–4
,
55
as non-linear dynamics
40
,
54
as periodic pattern
48
and predictability
40–1
and time-series
45–53
,
54–5
chaperones
and dating
157
,
194
and super-bugs
157–8
Choe, Sehyo Charley
108
,
188–9
,
191–2
Clauset, Aaron
168
climate change, and competition
9
cocaine
162–3
coin-toss
43
,
46
,
76–80
,
84
,
85–6
,
114
and quantum coin
206–7
and random walk
56–60
,
63
,
115–17
and war
172–3
cold virus
178
,
180–7
Cold War
161
Colombia, guerilla war
160
,
161
,
162–3
,
171
and casualty data
169–71
,
174
and timing of attacks
176
comfort limits
and choosing to go out
73
,
75
,
81
,
83
,
85
,
87
and choosing a route
130–3
,
144
in financial markets
120
community, and spread of viruses
178–87
,
see also
networks
competition
and anticrowds
82
,
85
,
86–8
and binary decisions
71–2
,
73
,
76
,
79
,
82–4
,
87
,
108
and cancer cells
190–1
and climate change
9
and crowds
4
,
34
,
71–2
,
82
,
87–8
,
97
and dating
148
,
155
and markets
11–12
,
72
and self-organization
83–4
and selfish machines
7–8
,
94
and traffic
4
,
11
,
129
and warfare
4
,
159–60
,
168
,
170
,
172
Complex Systems
as alive
14–15
biological
99–100
,
101–2
,
136–7
,
138
,
142
,
214
dictionary definition
3
and extreme behavior
19–20
,
123
,
162
and health
177–96
key components
13–14
,
see also
adaptability; agents; feedback; outputs
management
89–95
as open
14
,
32–7
order and disorder
15–16
,
19–37
,
55
,
110
,
125
,
167
and pockets of order
21
,
27
,
39
,
91–2
,
125
and warfare
103
,
160
,
171–5
Complexity
definition
3–4
,
13
in everyday life
11–13
,
21–4
,
55
future applications
213–14
key components
14–16
,
see also
disorder; order; phenomena, emergent
nanoscale
94
,
101
,
158
,
197–210
and science
16–18
and war
159–64
computer, quantum
9
,
201
,
205
conflict
see
war
congestion charging
134
,
137–9
,
141
,
144
connectivity
10
,
109–10
,
143
and dating
150
,
153
,
155
and globalization
108–10
multiple rings
139–43
and transmission of viruses
179–80
,
183–7
,
184
cooperation, and competition
71–2
Cox, Tom
156–7
crime, and networks
103
,
136
,
187
crowd-anticrowd theory
11
,
88
,
108
,
122
,
131
crowds
67–95
and competition
4
,
34
,
71–2
,
82
,
87
,
97
and decision-making
70–1
,
72–4
,
77
,
80–4
,
83
,
86–9
and emergent phenomena
4
,
5–6
in jazz
63
and
p
values
80
,
81–5
,
86–8
,
87
quantum
9
,
202
and quantum devices
208–10
and violence
159
see also
anticrowds; behavior, group; self-organization
cryptography, quantum
9
,
201
currency market
43
,
105–8
,
106
,
126–7
Darrah, Peter
103
dating
147–58
and chaperones
157
,
194
and competition
148
and computer simulations
149–57
and ladder of love
152
multiple
151–3
,
155
and perfect match
147–9
,
154
and super-daters
155–6
decision-making
and anticrowds
82–3
,
85
,
86–8
and crowds
63
,
70–1
,
72–4
,
77
,
80–4
,
86–9
in financial markets
113–15
,
120
,
122
,
132–3
as game
72–89
,
109
,
113–14
,
120
and
p
values
80
,
81–5
,
86–8
,
87
and traffic networks
129–34
,
144
transmission of information
139–43
,
144
and war and terrorism
163
,
172–3
defense, attacking/defensive
158
,
194–5
demand
83–4
Direction, Characteristic
91
disease
177
management
93
transmission
178–87
disorder
15–16
,
19–37
,
110
advantages
29–32
and music
63
and time-series
43
,
44
,
47
,
55–6
,
58–61
,
63–5
and the Universe
28–9
Dixon, Alex
175
dot-com boom
5
,
19
drunkard’s walk
see
random walk
dynamics
39–41
,
67
and fixed-point attractor
46
non-linear
40
,
54
Ecob, Richard
149–54
,
156–7
ecology
of information
89
of interacting agents
14
,
213
of war
103
,
162
,
175
economics
16
,
74
Efstathiou, Janet
16
Einstein, Albert
and entanglement
9
and quantum physics
197–201
,
203
relativity theory
10
,
197
Eisert, Jens
207
engineering, and competitive components
7
,
14
,
84
entanglement
9–10
,
200
,
201–2
,
203–5
,
206
,
208
errors, combination
208–10
evolution management
89–95
excitons
203–4
expectations theory, and economics
74
feedback
14
,
15
,
25–6
,
27
,
110
,
211
and decision-making
76
,
84
,
114–15
,
130
,
163
and jazz
63
and management
94
negative 00
in networks
97–8
,
117
,
119
and physical systems
36
,
53
,
54–7
,
67–8
positive
117–18
public
78–9
,
82
,
84–5
,
98
