The Ascent of Man (41 page)

Einstein, Albert, ‘Autobiographical Notes’ in
Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist
, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 1952.

Hoffman, Banesh, and Helen Dukas,
Albert Einstein
, Viking Press, 1972.

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm,
Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis
, Leipzig, 1684.

Newton, Isaac,
Isaac Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica
, London, 1687, edited by Alexandre Koyré and I. Bernard Cohen, 2 vols, Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed., 1972.

Ashton, T. S.,
The Industrial Revolution 1760–1830
, Oxford University Press, 1948.

Crowther, J. G.,
British Scientists of the 19th Century
, 2 vols, Pelican, 1940–1.

Hobsbawm, E. J.,
The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962;
New American Library, 1965.

Schofield, Robert E.,
The Lunar Society of Birmingham
, Oxford University Press, 1963.

Smiles, Samuel,
Lives of the Engineers
, 1–3, John Murray, 1861; reprint, David and Charles, 1968.

Darwin, Francis,
The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
, John Murray, 1887.

Dubos, René Jules,
Louis Pasteur
, Gollancz, 1951.

Malthus, Thomas Robert,
An Essay on
the Principle of Population, as it affects the Future Improvement of
Society
, J. Johnson, London, 1798.

Sanchez, Robert, James Ferris and Leslie E. Orgel, ‘Conditions for purine synthesis: Did prebiotic synthesis occur at low temperatures?’,
Science
, 153, pp. 72–3, July 1966.

Wallace, Alfred Russel,
Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, With an Account of the Native Tribes, and Observations on
the Climate, Geology, and Natural History of the Amazon Valley
, Ward, Lock, 1853.

Broda, Engelbert,
Ludwig Boltzmann
, Franz Deuticke, Vienna, 1955.

Bronowski, J., ‘New Concepts in the Evolution of Complexity’,
Synthese
, 21, no. 2, pp. 228–46, June 1970.

Burbidge, E. Margaret, Geoffrey R. Burbidge, Williarn A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle, ‘Synthesis of the Elements in Stars’,
Reviews
of Modern Physics
, 29, no. 4, pp. 547–650, October 1957.

Segrè, Emilio,
Enrico Fermi: Physicist
, University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Spronsen, J. W. van,
The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years
, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1969.

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich,
De generis humani varietate nativa
, A. Vandenhoeck, Göttingen, 1775.

Gillispie, Charles
C.,
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
, Princeton University Press, 1960.

Heisenberg, Werner, ‘Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik’,
Zeitschrift für Physik
, 43, p. 172, 1927.

Szilard, Leo, ‘Reminiscences’, edited by Gertrud Weiss Szilard and Kathleen R. Winsor in
Perspectives in American History
, II, 1968.

Briggs, Robert W. and Thomas J. King, ‘Transplantation of Living Nuclei from Blastula Cells into Enucleated Frogs’ Eggs’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
, 38, pp. 455– 63, 1952.

Fisher, Ronald A.,
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1930.

Olby, Robert C.,
The Origins of Mendelism
, Constable, 1966.

Schrödinger, Erwin,
What is Life?
, Cambridge
University Press, 1944; new ed., 1967.

Watson, James D.,
The Double Helix
, Atheneum, and Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

Braithwaite, R. B.,
Theory of Games as a tool for the Moral Philosopher
, Cambridge University Press, 1955.

Bronowski, J., ‘Human and Animal Languages’, pp. 374–95, in
To Honor Roman Jakobson
, I. Mouton & Co., The Hague, 1967.

Eccles, John C., editor,
Brain and the Unity of Conscious Experience
, Springer-Verlag, 1965.

Gregory, Richard,
The Intelligent Eye
, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970.

Neumann, John von, and Oskar Morgenstern,
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
, Princeton University Press, 1943.

Wooldridge, Dean E.,
The Machinery of the Brain
, McGraw-Hill, 1963.

Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Yorkshire 207

Acoustics and music, history of 120–1, 132, 136, 139, 287

Adapis parisiensis and Adapis magnus
31–2

Adaptations, animals 19–20; man 41
see
also
Evolution, cultural

Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
32, 37

Africa 47, 329; man in 22–6

Agression, theories of 284–5; as an instinct in man 70

Air, composition of 114–15

Alchemy 21, 95–6, 104, 105, 107–10, 113, 115–16, 118, 180, 183, 243, 258

Algae, green 295, 308

Alhambra, The, Granada, Spain 21, 131–2

Alhazen (abu-’Ali Al Hasen ibn Al-Haytham) (d. 1038) 138

Allegri, Gregorio (1582–1652)
157

Alloys 104; bronze 100; steel 101, 102; tin 99, 100

Altamira Caves, Santander, Spain 43–4

Amazonian Indians 225–6, 227–9

Amazon River, Peru and Brazil 75, 222, 227, 229; Bates and Wallace’s expedition to 224–5

Amerindian tribes 38, 73–6; of California 19; of Tierra del Fuego 229; use of iron by 101

Anatomy, study of 112, 132, 310;
see also
Vesalius

Animal behaviour, studies of 310,
314

Anne, queen of England (1665–1714) 181, 182

Ape, compared with man 26, 30–1, 47, 227, 304, 309, 314–15, 318

Aqueduct, Roman, Segovia 85

Arbuthnot, John (1667–1735) 182

Arch, evolution of 82–8

Archimedes (
c
.287–212
BC
) 61, 112, 137, 151

Aristotle (384–322
BC
) 113, 147, 158, 173

Astronomy, science of 128–9, 131, 137, 139, 143, 144–5, 146, 147, 150, 169, 273–4

Athlete 28–31

Atomic physics
21, 250–65, 267–84

Atomic structure 21, 78, 135–6, 250–1; Bohr’s view of 252–7; Dalton’s view of 116–18; Mendeleev’s view of 244–50; Rutherford’s view of 252–3

Atomic weight 246, 247, 250

Aubrey, John (1626–1694),
Brief Lives
127

Auschwitz (Ostwiecim), Poland 285

Australopithecus africanus
, also known as
Homo transvaalensis
12, 26–8, 34–6, 37, 47, 304

Australopithecus robustus
33–4

Automata
201, 312–14, 327

Avebury Ring, England 145

Avery, Oswald (1877–1955) 300

Avicenna (Abu-Ali al-Hasain ibn Abudullah ibn Sina) (980–1037) 113

Baby, human 25–8; kick reflex in 28–9

Babylon,
see
Sumerian civilisation

Bacon, Francis (1561–1626) 105, 248–9

Bacon, Roger, Viscount St Albans (1214–1294) 138

Bakhtiari, SW Persia 49–52, 64, 320

Ballistics 140, 190–1

Barberini, Maffeo,
see
Urban
VIII

Bates, Henry Walter (1825–1892) 223, 224

Beaumarchais, Comte de,
see
Caron, Pierre Augustin

Beauvais Cathedral, France 87–8

Bees, breeding mechanisms in 293, 302, 303

Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827) 217

Beetle-collecting 221, 223

Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert (1542–1621) 155, 156, 157, 162

Bering Straits Land Bridge, Alaska, USA 74

Bernini, Gianlorenzo (1598–1680) 157

Bethe, Hans
Albrecht (1906) 259

Bible, The 23, 49–59, 65, 127, 128, 158–9, 180, 196, 235, 257

Bingham, Hiram (1875–1956) 79

Biochemistry 109, 238;
see also
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Crystal lattice
and
Protein structure

Biological revolution, the 21–2, 47–8, 64

Biology 48–64, 128–9, 234–5, 236, 240–1, 287–308, 309, 327; diversity of life 219–21; human,
see
Evolution, cultural

Bird migration 146

Birmingham, England, as intellectual centre 209–10; sacking of Priestley’s house in 114

Blake, William (1757–1827) 73, 195, 213;
Auguries of Innocence
266;
Songs of Innocence
312

Blood groups, human, New World 75

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1752–1840), skull collection, Göttingen 278–9

Boccioni, Umberto (1882–1916),
The Forces of a Street
251;
Dynamism of a Cyclist
251

Bohr, Niels Henrik
David (1885–1962) 252, 253–6, 264;
On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules
254

Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844–1906) 262, 265–6

Borgrajewicz, Stephan (1910) 267, 269

Born, Max (1882–1970) 275, 276, 277, 279

Boswell, James (1740–1799),
Life of Johnson
211

Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809) 209, 211

Bourbon, Royal House of, France 203, 287

Bow-lathe 63–4

Brain 307, 310–19, 327; and locomotion 20, 28–9;
evolution of human 31–3, 34, 36; -hand relations 90–3

Braque, Georges (1882–1963),
Houses at L’Estaque
251

Brecht, Bertolt (1898–1956) 279

Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of (1736–1803) 199–200

Brindley, James (1716–1772) 199–200

Broglie, Louis Victor, prince de (1892) 277

Bronowski, Jacob (1908–1974),
The Identity of Man
312

Bronze 101; calligraphy on 100; discovery of, Middle East
99; Shang and Chou bronzes 99

Brooke, Rupert (1887–1915) 255

Browne, Sir Thomas (1605–1682),
The Garden of Cyrus
74

Brunelleschi, Filippo (1379–1446) 138

Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600) 151, 155, 156

Brutus, Marcus Junius (
c
.85–42
BC
) 91

Buddha, Gautama, prince Siddhartha (563–483
BC
) 314–15

Buddhism, in Mongol Empire 71, 314–15, 328

Buz Kashi, game of, Afghanistan 66–9

Calculator, historical
and modern 130, 151

Calculus, the 142, 171, 177, 183–4

Canal 199–201; Manchester to Worsley 199–200

Canyon de Chelly, National Monument, Arizona 74, 76–8

Carbon 260, 298

Carbon dioxide 116–18, 239

Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1796–1832),
La Puissance Motrice du Feu
212

Caron, Pierre Augustin, Comte de Beaumarchais (1732–1799) 201–3;
The Marriage of Figaro
201–3

Carpaccio, Vittore (
c
.1450–1522),
St Ursula
139

Carrara marble quarries, Italy 91

Carroll, Lewis (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) (1832–1898),
Alice in Wonderland
191

Catherine II, the Great, empress of
Russia (1729–1796) 208

Cellini, Benvenuto (1500–1571),
Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini
104–5

Celsus Aurelius (
fl
.14
AD
) 111

Centaur, Greek legend of 66

Chadwick, Sir James (1891–1974) 258, 259, 264–5

Chagall, Marc (1887) 279

Chaucer,
Geoffrey (
c
.1340–1400),
Treatise on the Astrolabe
130, 199

Chemistry 101–2, 103, 109, 242, 243–51

China 309, 320, 329; alchemy in 107; ancestor worship in 93; Shang Dynasty in 99

Christ, Jesus (
c
.9
BC
–33
AD
) 21, 74, 76, 98, 120, 128, 129, 148, 319, 320, 322

City, the organisation of 70–1, 80, 82

Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel (1822–1888) 262

Codex 1181 156–7, 165–7

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
(1772–1834) 212–13;
Kubla Khan
70;
Rime of the Ancient Mariner
212–13

Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) 78, 109, 132, 145, 147

Continental drift, theory of 59, 73

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543) 112, 148–50, 155, 157, 158, 160–1, 162, 163, 164, 169, 253;
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
150

Copper 98–9, 116; in Ancient Persia 97–8; in Inca Empire 82; melting point of 102

Cordoba, Great
Mosque, Spain 86

Cowper, William (1731–1800) 189

Crabbe, George (1754–1832) 198–9

Crick, Francis H. Compton (1916) 296–8, 299, 300

Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) 170, 285

Crystal lattice 243–52, 272; of elements of Periodic Table 243–51; of metals 98, 99, 103; of pyrites, fluorite, diamond, iceland spar 135–6;
see also
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Dalton, John (1766–1844) 116–18, 244

Dart,
Raymond (1893) 26

Darwin, Charles Robert (1809–1882) 22, 210, 219, 221–2, 226, 229, 231–2, 233, 234, 235, 238, 241, 259, 265, 295; at Downe House 231; correspondence with A. R. Wallace 233–4;
A Naturalist’s Voyage on HMS Beagle
229;
The Descent of Man
22;
On the Origin of Species
22, 233, 234

Darwin, Erasmus (1731–1802) 210

Defoe, Daniel (1661?–1731),
Robinson Crusoe
146

Delayed response 326–7

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 20–1, 90, 240, 241, 272, 296–302

Democracy, ideal of 208, 287, 293, 296, 309, 326–8

Descartes, René (1596–1650) 167

Dickens, Charles (1812–1870) 319

Discovery, scientific 21, 23, 26, 76, 77, 88, 91–2, 111, 118, 153, 181

Dome, invention of 88, 129

Domestication of animals 41, 48, 50, 51, 59, 62, 64–5, 69

Dondi, Giovanni de (1318–1389) 147

Donne, John (1572–1631),
The Extasie
308

Draught animals, Bakhtiari 51, 62, 64–5; analogy with machine 64; reindeer as 41, 42

Dryopithecus africanus
, see
Proconsul africanus
;
Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus indicus
and
Dryopithecus sivalensis
33

Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528),
The Adoration of the Magi
140

Durham, Terry (1930),
Portrait of Dr Bronowski
314

Easter Island 21, 145–6, 150, 319–20

Eddington, Sir Arthur
Stanley (1882–1944) 193

Egypt, Ancient 80, 123, 124, 143, 320, 326, 328

Einstein, Albert (1879–1955) 188–96, 259, 279, 281–4, 322;
The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
192;
The World As I See It
195

Electrons 250–1, 253–4, 255–6, 257, 272, 276, 277

Elements, Chemical 104, 105, 116, 259–64; Greek view of 95, 113; periodic table of the 245–50

Embryological development 319; in grunion 19–20,
296; in chick 301–2

Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895),
see
Marx, Karl Heinrich

Engineering 83, 143, 199, 209–11, 214, 327

Entropy theory, Physics 261–6

Erasmus, Desiderius (
c
.1466–1536) 112, 321;
In Praise of Folly
322

Evolution, biological 222–34, 241, 303–4, 310, 316; by natural selection 19–20, 37, 47–8, 295–6; by sexual selection in man 304–8; cultural 20, 22, 23–5, 34–9, 47, 48; of matter
235, 259–60;
see also
Brain, Teeth

Eskimo sculpture 92

Euclid (
fl
.300
BC
) 127, 137, 178, 329;
The Elements of Geometry
127

Faraday, Michael (1791–1867) 205

Fermentation 236, 238, 239

Fermi, Enrico (1901–1954) 258, 260, 265, 279, 281

Fertile Crescent, the, Near East 56, 57, 58, 74, 80

Fire, as analyser 97–8, 113; as a process 113; as purifier 95–6, 108; in Stone Age 35, 42; legends of 96–7

Foramen magnum
, base of skull 26, 32

Foresight, human 30–1, 44–5, 53, 90, 281, 314, 317–20, 326, 327

Francis I, king of France (1494–1547) 104–5

Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790) 92, 114, 115, 204–6, 210;
Poor Richard’s Almanack
204; drafting of Declaration of Independence 206

Franz Josef I, emperor of Austria (1830–1916) 288, 293

Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) 279

Frobenius, Johann (
c
.1460–1527)
112, 321, 322

Galen, Claudius (
c
.130–200) 137, 310

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) 151–68, 169, 170, 197, 253, 279;
Dialogue on the Great World Systems
(1632) 159, 160, 169;
see
Codex 1811;
The Starry Messenger
(
Siderius Nuncius
) 153–4; Trial of 156, 161–7, 253;
Two New Sciences
167

Games: bowls 116; chess 66, 324–5; children’s 124; mathematicians 123; patience 245–6; power 223; Theory 324–5;
see also
Buz Kashi

Gandhi, Mahatma (1869–1948) 322

Garstang, John (1876–1956) 53

Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777–1855) 272–4, 319; Gaussian curve 273, 277

Gay, John (1685–1732),
The Beggar’s Opera
182;
Three Hours after Marriage
182–4

Gazelle, Grant’s 25, 29, 30

Genetics, history of Mendel’s ideas on 290–6; of axolotI 302–4; of colour blindness 116; of lip in Habsburgs 288; of pea 290–5; of skin
colour, man 25; of wheat 53–5

Genghis Khan (1162–1227) 66, 69–70, 102

Geology 23, 73

George II, king of England (1683–1760) 275

George III, king of England (1738–1820) 206

Gerard of Cremona (
c
.1114–1187) 137

Germanium, identification of 249–50

Getsu, sword-maker 102–3

Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378–1455) 138

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832) 217

Gold 82, 95, 104–8, 111, 118, 183

Goldsmith,
Oliver (1728–1774),
The Descried Village
198

Greece, science and culture in 61, 62, 82, 83, 104, 120–6, 137, 243, 264

Greenwich Observatory 185–7, 190

Gris, Juan (1887–1927),
Still Life, Pierrot
251

Growth, mathematical analysis of 142

Grunion 19, 20, 296

Hafnium, isolation of element 255

Halley, Edmond (1656–1742) 177–8

Halogen metals 243–4

Handedness, in crystals 134, 237; in man 236,
316

Harpoon, Magdalenian 39

Harrison, John (1693–1776) 187

Hay. H. J. (1930) 194

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) 274

Heisenberg, Werner (1901) 255, 256, 276, 277–8

Helium 246, 247, 250, 259, 260, 264

Henry VIII, king of England (1491–1547) 156

Herschel, Sir William (1738–1822) 268

Hershey, Alfred Day (1908) 300

Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf (1857–1894) 268

Hippocrates (
c
.460–377
BC
) 137, 321–2

Hiroshima, Japan 284

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) 69, 258, 279, 280, 281, 319