The Autoimmune Connection: Essential Information for Women on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Getting On With Your Life (64 page)

Interleukin 8 (IL-8),
419
,
430

Interleukin 12 (IL-12),
158

Interleukin 23 (IL-23),
158

Interlobular bile ducts,
408

Intermediate-acting insulin,
206

Intermittent claudication,
201

International normalized ratio (INR),
359

Interstitial cystitis (IC),
434–36

Interstitial lung disease,
141

Interstitial lung fibrosis,
141

Interstitial pneumonitis,
178

Intestinal T-cell lymphoma,
282

Intimate Moisturizer,
188

Intravenous iloprost (Ventavis),
140

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

antiphospholipid syndrome (APS),
361

immune thrombocytopenia (ITP),
370–71

lupus,
80

myasthenia gravis (MG),
335–36

myositis,
343

pregnancy/breastfeeding,
313
,
315

vasculitis,
386

Intravenous Rh (D) immune globulin (IV RhIG),
371–72

Intrinsic factor (IF),
283

Inverse psoriasis,
153

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),
238
,
244
,
245
,
420
,
435

Ischemia,
131

Ischemic colitis,
269

Isoflavones,
54

Isotretinoin (Accutane),
157
,
158

ITP.
See
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

ITP clusters,
374

IV RhIG.
See
Intravenous Rh (D) immune globulin (IV RhIG)

IVF.
See
In vitro fertilization (IVF)

IVIG.
See
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

Jakafi (ruxolitinib),
166

Janus-associated kinases (JAK),
165

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors,
10
,
41
,
43

Jaundice,
393

Jejunum,
238

Johns Hopkins Autoimmune Disease Research Center,
467

Joint contracture,
131

Joint fusion,
44

Joint pain,
16

Joint replacement,
44

Juvenile myasthenia gravis,
341

Juvenile-onset diabetes,
196
.
See also
Type 1 diabetes

Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF),
443–44
,
474

Kane, Sunanda V.,
241
,
246
,
258–60
,
269

Kava,
456

Kawasaki disease,
380

KCS.
See
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS),
176
,
183

Ketoacidosis,
200

Ketones,
200

KFF.
See
Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)

Kineret (anakinra),
40
,
51
,
452

Klippel, John H.,
30

KY Jelly,
191

KY Liquid,
188

Kyphosis,
95

La,
72
,
73

Lacrimal glands,
173

Lacrisert,
184

Lactobacillus,
8

Ladd, Virginia,
440
,
453
,
457
,
458

Ladenson, Paul W.,
224–30

Lanoxin (digoxin),
111

Lansoprazole (Prevacid),
140

Lantus,
206

Laparoscopy,
432

Laparotomy,
433

Laquinimod,
309

Large vessel vasculitis,
380

Laser therapy,
168
.
See also
Excimer laser

Late diagnosis,
3

Lateral epicondylitis,
420

LDL.
See
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

Leaky gut,
8

Lebwohl, Mark,
150
,
154
,
156
,
157
,
159
,
160

Leflunomide,
39

Lemtrada (alemtuzumab),
306–7

Leptin,
216

Leukopenia,
67
,
71

Leuprolide (Lupron),
433

Levemir,
206

Levinson, Arnold I.,
323
,
324
,
333

Levothroid,
111

Levothyroxine sodium (synthetic T4),
110
,
111

Levoxyl,
111

Levy, Carol J.,
200
,
202
,
207
,
210
,
215
,
216
,
218
,
220
,
441
,
454

Lidocaine,
436

Lifitegrast,
187

Light therapy,
156

Limited systemic scleroderma,
132

Linear scleroderma,
133

Lioresal (baclofen),
308

Lipitor (atorvastatin),
379

Lithium,
337

Livedo reticularis,
353
,
421

Liver,
392
,
393

Liver biopsy,
397

Liver cancer,
411

Liver enzyme tests,
396–97

Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies,
394

Liver transplant,
401
,
410

LKM-1 antibodies,
394
,
397

Localized scleroderma,
133

Lockshin, Michael,
14
,
15

Loeken, Mary,
216–18

Lomotil (diphenoxylate),
254

Long-acting insulin,
206

Lopressor (metoprolol),
114

Losartan (Cozaar),
140

Lotemax,
185

Lovenox,
80
,
359

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol,
55
,
56
,
210

Low-molecular-weight heparin,
88
,
359

Luborsky, Judith,
231–33

Lubricin,
186

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap),
297–98

Lung problems,
141

Lupron (leuprolide),
433

Lupus,
63
,
64
.
See also
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Lupus anticoagulant,
73
,
350

Lupus anticoagulant antibodies,
67
,
356

Lupus autoantibody,
369

Lupus clusters,
81

Lupus flare,
75–77

Lupus fog,
69

Lupus nephritis,
67
,
80
,
95

Lyme disease,
26
,
421

Lymphocytes,
4

Lymphocytic colitis,
280

Lymphoma,
178

Lymphopenia,
67
,
71

Lyrica (pregabalin),
189
,
424

Macrocytic anemia,
270
,
278

Macrolide antibiotics,
326

Macrophages,
4
,
6
,
429

Macrosomia,
218

Magnesium sulfate,
339

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),
384

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
290
,
297
,
356–57

Malar rash,
67

Malignant (fulminant) MS,
296

Malt,
279

Managed care plan,
444

Manic depression,
293

Manzi, Susan,
55
,
94

Marked neonatal thrombocytopenia,
377–78

Martin, Kellie,
2

Massey, Janice M.,
326
,
331–33
,
335
,
338
,
340
,
341
,
342

Mast cells,
435

Mayes, Maureen D.,
129–34
,
136
,
137
,
139
,
143
,
144
,
146
,
149

MCI.
See
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

MCTD.
See
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)

ME/CFS.
See
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

Mease, Philip J.,
151–53

Medactive,
187

Medical specialists,
440–43

Medication costs,
451–53

Medications,
450–53
,
475

Medline Plus,
475

Medrol,
42
,
78
,
114
,
265

Medroxyprogesterone,
402

Megakaryocytes,
365
,
369

Megathrombocytes,
368

Meibomian glands,
174

Meibomitis,
185

Melasma,
159

Meloxicam (Mobic),
37
,
78

Menopause

antiphospholipid syndrome (APS),
360–61

autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),
404–5

Crohn’s disease,
260

endometriosis,
434

immune thrombocytopenia (ITP),
378–79

lupus,
93–94

multiple sclerosis (MS),
315–16

primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC),
411

psoriasis,
159–60

rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
51–54

scleroderma,
147–48

Sjögren’s syndrome,
190–92

sleep,
342

thyroid disease,
122

type 1 diabetes,
219–21

vasculitis,
387

Menstruation

Addison’s disease,
228–29

autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),
402

Crohn’s disease,
258

endometriosis,
434

immune thrombocytopenia (ITP),
376–77

lupus,
83

multiple sclerosis (MS),
312

myasthenia gravis (MG),
338

rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
49

scleroderma,
145–46

thyroid disease,
117–18

type 1 diabetes,
215–17

vasculitis,
387

Merrill, Joan T.,
350
,
351
,
357

Mesalamine,
251
,
256
,
259
,
264

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),
310

Mestinon (pyridostigmine),
330
,
331

Methimazole (Tapazole),
111–12

Methotrexate (MTX)

Crohn’s disease,
252

lupus,
88

myositis,
343

psoriasis,
157

rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
38
,
49

scleroderma,
142

vasculitis,
385

Methylprednisolone,
42
,
78
,
114
,
265

Metoclopramide (Reglan),
140

Metoprolol (Lopressor),
114

Metronidazole (Flagyl),
254

MG.
See
Myasthenia gravis (MG)

MG clusters,
330

MG crisis,
337

Miacalcin,
58

MICA molecules,
242

Microbiome,
8

Microchimerism,
13

Microglia,
301

Micronized progesterone (Prometrium),
52

Micronor,
159

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA),
386

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI),
123

Milnacipran (Savella),
424

Mini-stroke,
349

MiniMed continuous monitoring system,
208

Minocin,
39

Minocycline,
39
,
67
,
395

Minoxidil,
163–64

Misdiagnosis,
3

Misoprostol,
37

Mitnick, Hal J.,
382
,
384
,
385

Mitoxantrone (Novantrone),
307

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD),
138

MMF.
See
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

Mobic (meloxicam),
37
,
78

Modafinil (Provigil),
308

Modified Rodnan skin scoring system (mRSS),
144

Moisture-producing glands,
173

Molecular mimicry,
8
,
26
,
290
,
395

Mometasone (Elocon),
155

Moon face,
43

Morphea,
133

Motrin,
36
,
78

MPA.
See
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)

MRA.
See
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

MRI.
See
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

mRSS.
See
Modified Rodnan skin scoring system (mRSS)

MS.
See
Multiple sclerosis (MS)

MS attack,
295

MS clusters,
298

MSCs.
See
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

MTX.
See
Methotrexate (MTX)

Mucosal ulcerations,
281

Multi-infarct dementia,
353

Multiple sclerosis (MS),
10–11
,
287–320

breastfeeding,
314–15

cause,
288–92

clinically isolated syndrome (CIS),
296

diabetes,
11

diagnosis,
295–98

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),
299–301

extended disability status score (EDSS),
298

female factor,
299–301

first-person account (Ana),
287
,
295
,
299
,
301–2
,
316–17

first-person account (Mariana),
292
,
311

how MS affects nerve cells,
289

laboratory tests,
297

menopause and beyond,
315–16

MS attack,
295

MS clusters,
298

postpartum depression (PPD),
315

pregnancy,
313–15

premenstrual flares,
312

symptoms,
293–94

treatment,
302–11

types/subtypes,
294–95
,
296

warning signs,
288

MuSK,
328

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS),
427

Myasthenia gravis (MG),
321–46

breastfeeding,
340

cause,
322–24

congenital myasthenia syndrome (CMS),
324

diagnosis,
327–30

drugs that worsen MG,
337

female factor,
331

first-hand account (Jackie),
321
,
323–24
,
330
,
336
,
344

laboratory tests,
328–30

MG clusters,
330

MG crisis,
337

midlife and beyond,
341–42

myositis,
343

neonatal MG,
340–41

pregnancy,
338–40

premenstrual fluctuations,
338

symptoms,
325–27

treatment,
331–36
,
342

warning signs,
322–24

Mycin drugs,
326

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis,
242

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),
401

immune thrombocytopenia (ITP),
373

interstitial lung disease,
141

lupus,
79
,
88

myasthenia gravis (MG),
334

Sjögren’s syndrome,
188

Myelin,
5
,
287

Myelin basic protein,
288

Myelin sheath,
288

Myelinated axons,
288

Myelodysplasia,
369

Myofascial release therapy,
425

Myositis,
343

Mytelase (ambenonium),
332

Nabumetone,
78

Nachtigall, Lila E.,
191
,
455

Nafarelin acetate (Synarel),
433

Naprelan,
36

Naprosyn,
36
,
78

Naproxen,
36
,
78

Naproxen sodium,
36

Nardil (phenelzine sulfate),
111

Natalizumab (Tysabri),
254
,
304

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM),
46

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH),
456
,
469

National Coalition of Autoimmune Patient Groups (NCAPG),
465

Natural killer (NK) T cells,
5
,
198

Navigating the new medical maze,
439–59
.
See also
Patients

NCAPG.
See
National Coalition of Autoimmune Patient Groups (NCAPG)

NCCAM.
See
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)

NCCIH.
See
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)

NCGS.
See
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS)

Necrosis,
394
,
406

Needle aspiration biopsy,
109

NeedyMeds,
475

Nefazodone (Serzone),
425

Nelson, J. Lee,
13
,
14
,
48

Neomycin,
337

Neonatal lupus,
89–90
,
190

Neonatal myasthenia gravis,
340–41

Neonatal thrombocytopenia,
377–78

Neonatal thyroid disease,
120

Neoral.
See
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Neostigmine,
330
,
331

Neulasta (pegfilgrastim),
214

Neurasthenia,
416

Neurologist,
442

Neuromuscular junction,
322
,
323

Neurontin (gabapentin),
189
,
308

Neuropathy,
178

Neurotransmitters,
173

Neutrophils,
4
,
6
,
385

Nexium,
37
,
140

Nicardipine (Cardene),
139

Nifedipine (Procardia),
139

Nitroglycerin patches,
140

NK T cells.
See
Natural killer (NK) T cells

NOD2/CARD15,
241
,
242

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS),
276

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
282

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
196
,
197

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS),
427