The Chinese in America (69 page)

352
Sources on Morris Chang:
Author interview with Morris Chang, March 17, 2000; Mark Landler, “The Silicon Godfather: The Man Behind Taiwan’s Rise in the Chip Industry,”
New York Times,
February 1, 2000.

353
capped the program at 65,000 visas a year:
Denver Post,
June 18, 2000.

353
115,000 in 1998:
Sara Robinson, “High-Tech Workers Are Trapped in Limbo by I.N.S.,”
New York Times,
February 29, 2000.

353
195,000:
Ibid.

354
“white-collar indentured servitude”:
Ibid.

354
Swallow Yan:
Author correspondence with Swallow Yan, July 2000;
The Scientist,
May 29, 2000.

355
“Blue Team”:
Robert G. Kaiser and Steven Mufson, “‘Blue Team’ Draws a Hard Line on Beijing: Action on Hill Reflects Informal Group’s Clout,”
Washington Post,
February 22, 2000.

356
Christopher Cox:
The three-volume report, commonly referred to as the “Cox Report on Chinese Espionage” (March 1999), is an unclassified version of the Final Report of the United States House of Representatives Select Committee on U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People’s Republic of China, a Top Secret report issued on January 3, 1999. For details on how the report misused my research, see Perla Ni, “Rape of Nanking Author Denounces Cox Report: Iris Chang Tells Conventioneers That Her Research Was Misused,”
Asian Week,
June 3, 1999. Jonathan S. Landreth, “Arrested for Spying? Or for Being Chinese? Author Iris Chang on Dr. Tsien Hsue-Shen,”
Virtual China News,
December 23, 1999.

357
“a
paper
with Chinese writing on it”:
Norman Matloff, “Democracy Begins at Home,”
Asian Week,
July 14, 1995.

357
“yellow high-tech peril”:
Sarah Lubman and Pete Carey, “False Spying Charges Have Happened Before: Valley Chinese-Americans Complain Allegations Have Destroyed Careers,”
San Jose Mercury News,
June 23, 1999.

358
“It happened so fast”:
Correspondence from Chih-Ming Hu to author.

358
“When I went to high-tech company job interviews”:
Ibid.

358
“I was scared”:
Jonathan Curiel, “Widespread Support for Jailed Scientist: Chinese Americans Eager to Help Lee,”
San Francisco Chronicle,
January 10, 2000.

358
“I was 100 percent innocent!”:
Chih-Ming Hu, March 16, 1999.

359
indicted him for allegedly transferring nuclear secrets:
Vernon Loeb and David Vise, “Physicist Lee Indicted in Nuclear Spy Probe,”
Washington Post,
December 11, 1999.

359
fifty-nine counts:
The New Yorker,
October 2, 2000.

359
more than 260 agents:
Vernon Loeb and David Vise, “Physicist Lee Indicted in Nuclear Spy Probe,” Washington Post, December 11, 1999. Two hundred FBI agents were used just to watch Lee twenty-four hours a day.

359
548 addresses:
Vernon Loeb, “Ex-Official: Bomb Lab Case Lacks Evidence,”
Washington Post,
August 17, 1999.

359
passed it with flying colors:
Robert Scheer, “Was Lee Indicted, and Not Deutch? Spy scandal: Look closer and you can see the politics behind the case,”
Los Angeles Times,
February 8, 2000.

360
“Do you think the press prints everything that’s true?”:
Unclassified transcript of FBI interview 004868-004950.

360
“Do you know who the Rosenbergs are?”:
Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia,
My Country Versus Me: The First-Hand Account by the Los Alamos
Scientist Who Was Falsely Accused of Being
a Spy
(New York: Hyperion, 2001), p. 81. Also, transcript of FBI interview 004868-004950.

360
“for my convenience, not for any espionage purposes”:
Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia, p. 122. For more details, see pp. 119-22, 323-26.

361
blew a sheaf of documents:
William J. Broad, “Files in Question in Los Alamos Case Were Reclassified,”
New York Times,
April 15, 2000.

361
reclassified the downloaded PARD files:
Ibid. It is not illegal to copy PARD files, nor is it a security violation.

361
Deutch had actually removed top-secret files:
Daniel Klaidman, “The Nuclear Spy Case Suffers a Meltdown,”
Newsweek,
August 30, 1999.

361
seventeen thousand pages of documents:
James Risen, “CIA Inquiry of Its Ex-Director Was Stalled at Top, Report Says,”
New York Times,
February 1, 2000.

361
“alien resident” housekeeper:
Robert Scheer, “CIA’s Deutch Heedlessly Disregarded Security,”
Los Angeles Times,
February 29, 2000.

361
neither encryption nor a secure phone line:
Ibid.

361
important memory cards:
Ibid.

361
deleting more than a thousand files:
New York Times,
February 1, 2000.

362
refused to give interviews:
Ibid.

362
“three crimes we knew were sure-fire violations”:
Bill Gertz, “Pentagon Probe Targets Deutch,”
Washington Times,
February 17, 2000.

362
recommended Nora Slatkin:
James Risen, “Deutch Probe Looks at Job,”
New York Times,
February 12,2000.

362
“Deutch can get away with anything”:
Ling-chi Wang, “Wen Ho Lee & John Deutch: A Study of Contrast and Failure of Leadership,” public electronic mail statement, February 9, 2002.

363
“Deutch is a leading member”:
Robert Scheer, “Was Lee Indicted, and Not Deutch? Spy scandal: Look closer and you can see the politics behind the case,”
Los Angeles Times,
February 8, 2000.

363
“built on thin air”:
“U.S. Lacks Evidence in China Spy Probe, Ex-Aide Says,” Reuters News Report, August 17, 1999.

363
shackled in chains:
“Amnesty International Protests Solitary Confinement, Shackling of Dr. Wen Ho Lee,” public statement of Amnesty International, August 16, 2000; Hendrik Hertzberg, “In Solitary,”
The New Yorker,
October 2, 2000.

363
“While Deutch has been coddled”:
Robert Scheer, “CIA’s Deutch Heedlessly Disregarded Security”; “Spy Scandal: Scientist Wen Ho Lee Is Being Treated Unfairly, Especially as Compared to the Former Intelligence Chief,”
Los Angeles Times,
February 29, 2000.

363
“This case stinks”:
“Wen Ho Lee Reportedly Makes a Deal,” Associated Press, September 11, 2000.

363
Fang Lizhi:
San Jose Mercury News,
February 2, 2000; George Koo, “Deutch Is Sorry; Lee Is in Jail,”
San Francisco Examiner,
February 8, 2000.

363
Plato Cacheris:
James Glanz, “Scientific Groups Complain About Treatment of Weapons Scientist,”
New York Times,
March 7, 2000.

363
worked out a plea bargain:
James Sterngold, “Wen Ho Lee Will Plead Guilty to Lesser Crime at Los Alamos,”
New York Times,
September 10, 2000; Marcus Kabel, “U.S., Wen Ho Lee Reach Plea Agreement,” Reuters, September 11, 2000.

364
“terribly wronged”:
Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia, p. 2.

364
“embarrassed our entire nation”:
“Lee Free; Federal Judge Apologizes,” Associated Press, September 13, 2000; Vernon Loeb, “Physicist Lee Freed With Apology: U.S. Actions ‘Embarrassed’ Nation, Judge Says,”
Washington Post,
September 14, 2000, p. A1.

364
“the FBI has been investigating a crime”:
San Francisco Chronicle,
August 26, 2001.

364
Eddie Liu:
E-mail from Eddie Liu, March 14, 1999.

364
“China’s spying, they say”:
Vernon Loeb, “China Spy Methods Limit Bid to Find Truth, Officials Say,”
Washington Post,
March 21, 1999.

365
mysterious $700 withdrawal:
Robert Schmidt, “Crash Landing: The New York Times shook the government with its articles on Chinese nuclear-missile espionage. But six months after fingering Wen Ho Lee as a spy, the paper said, in effect, never mind,”
Brill’s Content,
November 1999.

365
“suspiciously congratulatory”:
Ibid.

365
“We’ve got to remember”:
Los Angeles Times,
May 21, 1999.

365
“He doesn’t distinguish between Chinese foreign nationals”:
Annie Nakao, “Spy Scandal Hurts Asian Americans,”
San Francisco Examiner,
May 26, 1999.

366
“The problem is guilt by racial association”:
Ibid.

366
laptop computer out to be repaired:
Author interview with Brian Sun.

366
“The Lab treated me as a suspect”:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in-house report given to author.

366
“interested obsessively”:
Vernon Loeb, “Espionage Stir Alienating Foreign Scientists in U.S.; Critics of Distrust Fear a Brain Drain,”
Washington Post,
November 25, 1999.

367
“The term going around now”:
Andrew Lawler, “Silent No Longer: ‘Model Minority’ Mobilizes,”
Science,
November 10, 2000, p. 1072.

367
“subjective, arbitrary and capricious”:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in-house report given to author. The study was conducted by Dick Ling, Joel Wong, Kalina Wong, and several Asian American scientists who wished to remain anonymous. Officials at the laboratory have criticized the study as unreliable because not all Asian American employees were included. “We have never claimed that our studies are absolutely correct since LLNL refused to release the list of APIAs (Asian Pacific Islander Americans) for our studies,” Dick Ling wrote to the author. “We have compiled the APIA list through personal knowledge and employees’ last names.”

367
earned as much as $12,000 less:
Ibid.

367
15 to 20 percent:
Ibid.

367
“the same appropriate yardsticks”:
Ibid.

367
“Subconsciously, you become the enemy”:
Author interview with Lawrence Livermore scientist, December 27, 2000.

368
“In hindsight, there are some things I might have done differently”:
Wen Ho Lee with Helen Zia, p. 327.

368
not one single Chinese graduate student:
Dan Stober, “Lee Case Leaves Ethnic Chinese Shunning Lab Jobs,”
San Jose Mercury News,
February 20, 2000.

368
half of the ten finalists:
Ibid.

368
class action lawsuit:
James Glanz, “Weapons Labs Close to Settling a Bias Lawsuit,”
New York Times,
March 26, 2000.

369
the largest
group
of foreign students:
Vernon Loeb, “Espionage Stir Alienating Foreign Scientists in U.S.; Critics of Distrust Fear a Brain Drain,”
Washington Post,
November 25, 1999.

369
about half of all foreign scientists with doctorates:
Ibid.

369
not one of the twenty-four applicants was American:
Ibid.

369
Feng Gai:
Ibid.

369
“felt his every move would be monitored”:
David Pines, “Why Science Can’t Be Done in Isolation,”
Newsweek,
September 27, 1999.

370
shrink the population to 700 million:
Jasper Becker, p. 235.

371
“Owing to the current political situation”:
Kay Johnson, “The Revival of Infant Abandonment in China,” in Amy Klatzkin, ed.,
A Passage to the Heart: Writings from Families with Children from China
(St. Paul, Minn.: Yeong and Yeong Book Company, 1999), p. 224.

371
“In a dim room”:
Jurgen Kremb, “Der Kinder-Gulag von Harbin,”
Der Spiegel,
No. 37, September 11, 1995, as cited in Human Rights Watch,
Death by Default: A Policy of Fatal Neglect in China’s State Orphanages
(New York, Washington, Los Angeles, London, Brussels: Human Rights Watch, 1996), p. 68.

371
two hundred children:
A magazine, June/July 1997, p. 35.

371
donate $3,000:
Richard Tessler, Gail Gamache, and Liming Liu,
West Meets East: Americans Adopt Chinese Children
(Westport, Conn.: Bergin and Garvey, 1999), p. 39.

372
“China’s Market in Orphan Girls”:
New York Times Magazine,
April 11, 1993.

372
more than thirty-three thousand infants:
According to Families with Children from China, in the fiscal year 2002 there have been 33,637 adoptions from China to the United States since 1985.

372
42.7 years:
Richard Tessler, Gail Gamache, and Liming Liu, p. 70.

372
65 percent:
Ibid.

372
$15,000 to $20,000:
Interview with Jean H. Seeley, September 23, 1999; Richard Tessler, Gail Gamache, and Liming Liu, pp. 39, 42.

372
$70,000-to-$90,000 range:
Richard Tessler, Gail Gamache, and Liming Liu, p. 70.

373
“She spent eight months in purgatory”:
Christine Kukka, “The Labor of Waiting,” in Amy Klatzkin, ed.,
A Passage to the Heart,
pp. 19-20.

373
“I thought that if I got a child”:
Shanti Fry, “Surviving Waiting Parenthood: Some Completely Useless Advice from One Who’s Been There,” in Amy Klatzkin, ed.,
A Passage to the Heart,
p. 3.