The Company Town (39 page)
Authors: Hardy Green
2
Strong reprinted in
Popular Culture and Industrialism 1865-1890
, ed. Henry Nash Smith (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1967), p. 173; Howe reprinted in
The Progressive Years
, ed. Otis Pease (New York: George Braziller, 1962), pp. 25-57.
Strong reprinted in
Popular Culture and Industrialism 1865-1890
, ed. Henry Nash Smith (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1967), p. 173; Howe reprinted in
The Progressive Years
, ed. Otis Pease (New York: George Braziller, 1962), pp. 25-57.
3
Philip S. Foner,
The Great Labor Uprising of 1877
(New York: Monad Press, 1977), pp. 8-9; American Social History Project,
Who Built America
, vol. 2 (New York: Pantheon, 1992), pp. xxiv-xxviii.
Philip S. Foner,
The Great Labor Uprising of 1877
(New York: Monad Press, 1977), pp. 8-9; American Social History Project,
Who Built America
, vol. 2 (New York: Pantheon, 1992), pp. xxiv-xxviii.
5
William O. Stoddard,
Men of Business
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893), pp. 248-249; Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 4-6.
William O. Stoddard,
Men of Business
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893), pp. 248-249; Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 4-6.
6
Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 8-11; Carroll R. Harding,
George M. Pullman and the Pullman Company
(New York: Newcomen Society, 1951), pp. 9-14; Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), pp. 289-290.
Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 8-11; Carroll R. Harding,
George M. Pullman and the Pullman Company
(New York: Newcomen Society, 1951), pp. 9-14; Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), pp. 289-290.
7
Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 42-43; Menand,
The Metaphysical Club
, pp. 289-316. In 1894, a New York newspaper reprinted a letter from Pullman to “a prominent resident of Chicago,” amplifying the magnate's belief that the town had had a positive effect upon its workers. “You lay much stress on the fact that there has been no destruction of property at Pullman [during the strike]. . . . May not, perhaps, some credit be given to the administration of the company, which prohibits drinking saloons and provides various sources of elevation of character?”
New York Sun
, July 5, 1894, reprinted in
The Strike at Pullman: Statements of President George M. Pullman and Second Vice-President T. H. Wickes Before the U.S. Strike Commission
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895), p. 28.
Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 42-43; Menand,
The Metaphysical Club
, pp. 289-316. In 1894, a New York newspaper reprinted a letter from Pullman to “a prominent resident of Chicago,” amplifying the magnate's belief that the town had had a positive effect upon its workers. “You lay much stress on the fact that there has been no destruction of property at Pullman [during the strike]. . . . May not, perhaps, some credit be given to the administration of the company, which prohibits drinking saloons and provides various sources of elevation of character?”
New York Sun
, July 5, 1894, reprinted in
The Strike at Pullman: Statements of President George M. Pullman and Second Vice-President T. H. Wickes Before the U.S. Strike Commission
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895), p. 28.
8
Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 49-74; Richard T. Ely, “Pullman: A Social Study,”
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
, 1884-1885, pp. 458-461.
Buder,
Pullman
, pp. 49-74; Richard T. Ely, “Pullman: A Social Study,”
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
, 1884-1885, pp. 458-461.
9
Ely, “Pullman: A Social Study,” p. 457.
Ely, “Pullman: A Social Study,” p. 457.
10
Harding,
George M. Pullman and the Pullman Company
, p. 25. In his statement before the U.S. Strike Commission, Pullman repeatedly insisted that the company had two businesses, railroad-car production and real estate, and that “the renting of the dwellings and the employment of workmen at Pullman are in no way tied together.” See
The Strike at Pullman
, p. 28.
Harding,
George M. Pullman and the Pullman Company
, p. 25. In his statement before the U.S. Strike Commission, Pullman repeatedly insisted that the company had two businesses, railroad-car production and real estate, and that “the renting of the dwellings and the employment of workmen at Pullman are in no way tied together.” See
The Strike at Pullman
, p. 28.
11
Edward Chase Kirkland,
Dream & Thought in the Business Community, 1860- 1900
(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964), pp. 19-23, 154-155. Others in the business community agreed with Pullman's approach, holding the factory and town to be “exemplifications of practical philanthropy based upon business sagacity.”
Iron Age
, July 12, 1894, quoted in Sven Beckert,
The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 446, note 117.
Edward Chase Kirkland,
Dream & Thought in the Business Community, 1860- 1900
(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964), pp. 19-23, 154-155. Others in the business community agreed with Pullman's approach, holding the factory and town to be “exemplifications of practical philanthropy based upon business sagacity.”
Iron Age
, July 12, 1894, quoted in Sven Beckert,
The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 446, note 117.
13
Reprinted as an addendum in
The Strike at Pullman
, p. 27; also U.S. Strike Commission,
Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July 1894
, Senate Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895), p. 530.
Reprinted as an addendum in
The Strike at Pullman
, p. 27; also U.S. Strike Commission,
Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July 1894
, Senate Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895), p. 530.
15
James Chace,
1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debsâthe Election That Changed the Country
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), pp. 74-82.
James Chace,
1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debsâthe Election That Changed the Country
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), pp. 74-82.
17
Arthur E. Morgan,
Edward Bellamy
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), pp. 6-47, 101-119; Sylvia E. Bowman,
The Year 2000: A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy
(New York: Bookman Associates, 1958), pp. 15-43; Edward Bellamy,
Looking Backward: 2000-1887
(New York: Penguin Books, 1982), pp. 65, 111.
Arthur E. Morgan,
Edward Bellamy
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), pp. 6-47, 101-119; Sylvia E. Bowman,
The Year 2000: A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy
(New York: Bookman Associates, 1958), pp. 15-43; Edward Bellamy,
Looking Backward: 2000-1887
(New York: Penguin Books, 1982), pp. 65, 111.
20
Michael D'Antonio,
Hershey: Milton S. Hershey's Extraordinary Life of Wealth, Empire, and Utopian Dreams
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 50-51; Carol Off,
Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet
(New York: New Press, 2006), pp. 76-80.
Michael D'Antonio,
Hershey: Milton S. Hershey's Extraordinary Life of Wealth, Empire, and Utopian Dreams
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 50-51; Carol Off,
Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet
(New York: New Press, 2006), pp. 76-80.
21
Hershey Co. Web site at
www.hersheypa.com/town_of_hershey/history
; D'Antonio,
Hershey
, pp. 63-71, 88-96; Joel Glenn Brenner,
The Emperors of Chocolate: Inside the Secret World of Hershey and Mars
(New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 75-88.
Hershey Co. Web site at
www.hersheypa.com/town_of_hershey/history
; D'Antonio,
Hershey
, pp. 63-71, 88-96; Joel Glenn Brenner,
The Emperors of Chocolate: Inside the Secret World of Hershey and Mars
(New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 75-88.
22
A brief account of British model company towns, from Cadbury's Bourneville to soap baron William Lever's Port Sunlight, may be found in John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge,
The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea
(New York: Modern Library, 2003), p. 86. Both of these towns, along with chocolatier Joseph Rowntree's New Earswick, aimed at a preindustrial aesthetic. Port Sunlight even contained replicas of famous Tudor and Elizabethan buildings.
A brief account of British model company towns, from Cadbury's Bourneville to soap baron William Lever's Port Sunlight, may be found in John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge,
The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea
(New York: Modern Library, 2003), p. 86. Both of these towns, along with chocolatier Joseph Rowntree's New Earswick, aimed at a preindustrial aesthetic. Port Sunlight even contained replicas of famous Tudor and Elizabethan buildings.
23
D'Antonio,
Hershey
, pp. 84-87, 100-105, 115-118, 123-140; Off,
Bitter Chocolate
, pp. 74-80; Brenner,
The Emperors of Chocolate
, pp. 106-117, 132-135.
D'Antonio,
Hershey
, pp. 84-87, 100-105, 115-118, 123-140; Off,
Bitter Chocolate
, pp. 74-80; Brenner,
The Emperors of Chocolate
, pp. 106-117, 132-135.
27
Mark Twain,
Roughing It
, vol. 2, (New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1871), p. 131.
Mark Twain,
Roughing It
, vol. 2, (New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1871), p. 131.
28
James Allen,
The Company Town in the American West
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), pp. 13-29; “Step into New England at Port Gamble National Historic Landmark,”
Seattle Times
, February 26, 2009.
James Allen,
The Company Town in the American West
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), pp. 13-29; “Step into New England at Port Gamble National Historic Landmark,”
Seattle Times
, February 26, 2009.
29
Wikipedia entry on Pacific Lumber at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Lumber_Company
; Humboldt Redwoods State Park history at
www.humboldtredwoods.org/park_history
; David Harris,
The Last Stand: The War Between Wall Street and Main Street Over California's Ancient Redwoods
(New York: Times Books, 1995), pp. 16-19.
Wikipedia entry on Pacific Lumber at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Lumber_Company
; Humboldt Redwoods State Park history at
www.humboldtredwoods.org/park_history
; David Harris,
The Last Stand: The War Between Wall Street and Main Street Over California's Ancient Redwoods
(New York: Times Books, 1995), pp. 16-19.
30
Wikipedia entry on Pacific Lumber; Hugh Wilkerson and John van der Zee,
Life in the Peace Zone: An American Company Town
(New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 15-21, 45-46, 50, 53, 92, 99, 150-152; Harris,
The Last Stand
, pp. 10-15; Gaye LeBaron, “Remembering Scotia, the Last of the Company Towns,”
Santa Rosa Press Democrat
, October 12, 2008.
Wikipedia entry on Pacific Lumber; Hugh Wilkerson and John van der Zee,
Life in the Peace Zone: An American Company Town
(New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 15-21, 45-46, 50, 53, 92, 99, 150-152; Harris,
The Last Stand
, pp. 10-15; Gaye LeBaron, “Remembering Scotia, the Last of the Company Towns,”
Santa Rosa Press Democrat
, October 12, 2008.
31
Harris,
The Last Stand
, p. 19; “Pacific Lumber Offer Is Begun By Maxxam,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 2, 1985, p. 8; “Maxxam Group Plans to Double Redwood Harvest,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 3, 1986, p. 27; “Suit on Takeover of PL Tied to Drexel Case,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 24, 1988, p. B12; James B. Stewart, “Scenes from a Scandal: The Secret World of Michael Milken and Ivan Boesky,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 2, 1991, p. B1; Ned Daly, “Ravaging the Redwood: Charles Hurwitz, Michael Milken and the Costs of Greed,” Multinational Monitor Web site,
www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1994/09/mm0994_07.html
. On the benefits of Wall Street takeovers, see for example Steven M. Davidoff, “Wall Street's Deal Factory Hits the Reset Button,”
New York Times
, September 17, 2009. Natural disasters have been a recurring feature of Scotia's history, with 1955 and 1964 floods of the Eel River that each time threatened to destroy the town. See Wilkerson and van der Zee,
Life in the Peace Zone
, pp. 62-63, 141-147; “California, Oregon Damage Near $1 Billion from Floods that Claimed About 40 Lives,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 29, 1964, p. 4.
Harris,
The Last Stand
, p. 19; “Pacific Lumber Offer Is Begun By Maxxam,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 2, 1985, p. 8; “Maxxam Group Plans to Double Redwood Harvest,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 3, 1986, p. 27; “Suit on Takeover of PL Tied to Drexel Case,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 24, 1988, p. B12; James B. Stewart, “Scenes from a Scandal: The Secret World of Michael Milken and Ivan Boesky,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 2, 1991, p. B1; Ned Daly, “Ravaging the Redwood: Charles Hurwitz, Michael Milken and the Costs of Greed,” Multinational Monitor Web site,
www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1994/09/mm0994_07.html
. On the benefits of Wall Street takeovers, see for example Steven M. Davidoff, “Wall Street's Deal Factory Hits the Reset Button,”
New York Times
, September 17, 2009. Natural disasters have been a recurring feature of Scotia's history, with 1955 and 1964 floods of the Eel River that each time threatened to destroy the town. See Wilkerson and van der Zee,
Life in the Peace Zone
, pp. 62-63, 141-147; “California, Oregon Damage Near $1 Billion from Floods that Claimed About 40 Lives,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 29, 1964, p. 4.
32
Wikipedia entry on Headwaters Forest Preserve at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters_Forest
; Humboldt Redwood Co. Web site,
www.hrcllc.com
; LeBaron, “Remembering Scotia,”
Santa Rosa Press Democrat
, October 12, 2008; “Declaring Victory, Tree-Sitters Leave Redwoods,” Associated Press, September 24, 2008; Josh Harkinson, “Out of the Woods,”
Mother Jones
, November/December 2008, pp. 62-64; Heidi Walters, “For Sale: Scotia Inn,”
North Coast Journal
, May 14, 2009.
Wikipedia entry on Headwaters Forest Preserve at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters_Forest
; Humboldt Redwood Co. Web site,
www.hrcllc.com
; LeBaron, “Remembering Scotia,”
Santa Rosa Press Democrat
, October 12, 2008; “Declaring Victory, Tree-Sitters Leave Redwoods,” Associated Press, September 24, 2008; Josh Harkinson, “Out of the Woods,”
Mother Jones
, November/December 2008, pp. 62-64; Heidi Walters, “For Sale: Scotia Inn,”
North Coast Journal
, May 14, 2009.
33
Davis Dyer and Daniel Gross,
The Generations of Corning: The Life and Times of a Global Corporation
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 47-59; Thomas P. Dimitroff and Lois S. Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area: 200 Years in Painted Post Country
(Corning, NY: Corning Area Bicentennial Committee, 1977), pp. 53-60, 85-96, 117-129; cut-glass wares of the Hawkes and Hoare companies are on display at the Corning Museum of Glass.
Davis Dyer and Daniel Gross,
The Generations of Corning: The Life and Times of a Global Corporation
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 47-59; Thomas P. Dimitroff and Lois S. Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area: 200 Years in Painted Post Country
(Corning, NY: Corning Area Bicentennial Committee, 1977), pp. 53-60, 85-96, 117-129; cut-glass wares of the Hawkes and Hoare companies are on display at the Corning Museum of Glass.
35
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 77-103, 117-118; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, p. 137-139.
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 77-103, 117-118; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, p. 137-139.
36
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 138-156, 165-168; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, pp. 223-233.
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 138-156, 165-168; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, pp. 223-233.
37
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp.195-196, 204-205, 213-214, 221-222; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, pp. 253, 273.
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp.195-196, 204-205, 213-214, 221-222; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, pp. 253, 273.
38
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 103, 236, 243-264, 271- 278, 289-296; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, pp. 295- 297; Brian Howard, “Corning Incorporated,”
American Biotechnology Laboratory
, October 2005.
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 103, 236, 243-264, 271- 278, 289-296; Dimitroff and Janes,
History of the Corning-Painted Post Area
, pp. 295- 297; Brian Howard, “Corning Incorporated,”
American Biotechnology Laboratory
, October 2005.
40
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 335, 353-367, 380; Ann Harrington, “The Scion in Winter,”
Fortune
, November 18, 2002, p. 129.
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 335, 353-367, 380; Ann Harrington, “The Scion in Winter,”
Fortune
, November 18, 2002, p. 129.
41
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 380, 394-396; Stephanie N. Mehta, “Cooking Up Hope for Corning,”
Fortune
, May 3, 2003, p. 158; William C. Symonds, “Corning: Back from the Brink,”
Business Week
, October 18, 2004; Michael Mandel, “Corning: Lessons from the Boom and Bust,”
Business Week
Online, May 4, 2009.
Dyer and Gross,
The Generations of Corning
, pp. 380, 394-396; Stephanie N. Mehta, “Cooking Up Hope for Corning,”
Fortune
, May 3, 2003, p. 158; William C. Symonds, “Corning: Back from the Brink,”
Business Week
, October 18, 2004; Michael Mandel, “Corning: Lessons from the Boom and Bust,”
Business Week
Online, May 4, 2009.
42
Interview with Corning Enterprises President G. Thomas Tranter Jr., June 12, 2009; interview with former Corning chairman James R. Houghton, June 16, 2009.
Interview with Corning Enterprises President G. Thomas Tranter Jr., June 12, 2009; interview with former Corning chairman James R. Houghton, June 16, 2009.
44
Margaret Crawford, “The New Company Town,”
Perspecta 30: Settlement Patterns
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 49-54.
Margaret Crawford, “The New Company Town,”
Perspecta 30: Settlement Patterns
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 49-54.
45
Margaret Crawford, “Bertram Goodhue, Walter Douglas and Tyrone, New Mexico,”
Journal of Architectural Education
, Summer 1989,
www.jstor.org/pss/1425018
; also see
www.ghosttowns.com/states/nm/tyrone.html
.
Margaret Crawford, “Bertram Goodhue, Walter Douglas and Tyrone, New Mexico,”
Journal of Architectural Education
, Summer 1989,
www.jstor.org/pss/1425018
; also see
www.ghosttowns.com/states/nm/tyrone.html
.
48
“Portal 31: Kentucky's First Exhibition Coal Mine,”
www.portal31.org
; also
www.coaleducation.org/coalhistory/coaltowns/lynch.htm
.
“Portal 31: Kentucky's First Exhibition Coal Mine,”
www.portal31.org
; also
www.coaleducation.org/coalhistory/coaltowns/lynch.htm
.
49
Crawford, “The New Company Town,” pp. 55-56.
Chapter 3: ExploitationvilleCrawford, “The New Company Town,” pp. 55-56.
1
Herbert G. Gutman, “Two Lockouts in Pennsylvania, 1873-1874,” in
Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America
(New York: Vintage Books, 1976), pp. 326-343.
Herbert G. Gutman, “Two Lockouts in Pennsylvania, 1873-1874,” in
Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America
(New York: Vintage Books, 1976), pp. 326-343.
2
Ronald D. Eller,
Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880-1970
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982), pp. 182-186; Helene Smith,
Export: A Patch of Tapestry Out of Coal Country America
(Greensburg, PA: McDonald/Sward Publishing Co., 1986), pp. 104-105; Crandall A. Shifflett,
Coal Towns: Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880-19
60 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991), p. 146. Nor were towns necessarily better outside of the South. In his autobiography, former miner
John Brophy describes the town of Nanty Glo, Pennsylvania, as “a grimy huddle in the narrow valley of Black Lick Creek overshadowed by slag piles and the hills of the Alleghenies.” John Brophy,
A Miner's Life
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 111.
Ronald D. Eller,
Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880-1970
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982), pp. 182-186; Helene Smith,
Export: A Patch of Tapestry Out of Coal Country America
(Greensburg, PA: McDonald/Sward Publishing Co., 1986), pp. 104-105; Crandall A. Shifflett,
Coal Towns: Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880-19
60 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991), p. 146. Nor were towns necessarily better outside of the South. In his autobiography, former miner
John Brophy describes the town of Nanty Glo, Pennsylvania, as “a grimy huddle in the narrow valley of Black Lick Creek overshadowed by slag piles and the hills of the Alleghenies.” John Brophy,
A Miner's Life
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 111.
3
Eller,
Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers
, pp. 208-216; Shifflett,
Coal Towns
, pp. 117-118; Stuart D. Brandes,
American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 3; John W. Hevener,
Which Side Are You On? The Harlan County Coal Miners, 1931-1939
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), p. 18.
Eller,
Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers
, pp. 208-216; Shifflett,
Coal Towns
, pp. 117-118; Stuart D. Brandes,
American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 3; John W. Hevener,
Which Side Are You On? The Harlan County Coal Miners, 1931-1939
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), p. 18.
4
Archie Green,
Only a Miner: Studies in Recorded Coal-Mining Songs
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), pp. 156-166.
Archie Green,
Only a Miner: Studies in Recorded Coal-Mining Songs
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), pp. 156-166.
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