The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown (206 page)

Wenham, D. “Unity and Diversity in the New Testament.” Pages 684—719 in
A Theology of the New Testament.
By G. E. Ladd. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.

¹
See M. Hengel, “The Titles of the Gospels and the Gospel of Mark,” in
Studies in the Gospel of Mark
, ed. J. Bowden (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), 64—84; id.,
The Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus
(Valley Forge: Trinity Press International, 2000).

²
This is the basic premise of M. Bockmuehl,
This Jesus: Martyr, Lord, Messiah
(Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994).

³
For a helpful treatment, see G. Goldsworthy,
According to Plan: The Unfolding Revelation of God in the Bible
(Leicester, UK: InterVarsity, 1991). Cf. D. A. Carson,
The Gagging of God: Christianity Confronts Pluralism
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), 253-78.

⁴
See A. J. Köstenberger, “Diversity and Unity in the New Testament,” in
Biblical Theology: Retrospect and Prospect
, ed. S. J. Hafemann (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2002), 146—49.

⁵
Cited in Eusebius,
Eccl. Hist.
6.14.

⁶
K. G.
Baetschnelder, Probabilia de evangelii etepistolarum Joannis, Apostoli, indole et origine eruditorum Judiciis
(Leipzig, 1820); D. F. Strauss,
The Life of Jesus Critically Examined
(London: SCM, 1973 [1835]). See the discussion in A. J. Köstenberger, “Early Doubts of the Apostolic Authorship of the Fourth Gospel in the History of Modern Biblical Criticism,” in
Studies on John and Gender: A Decade of Scholarship
, Studies in Biblical Literature 38 (New York: Peter Lang, 2001), 17-47.

⁷
See esp. C. L. Blomberg,
The Historical Reliability of John's Gospel
(Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2001); A. J. Köstenberger, “John,” in
Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary
, ed. C. E. Arnold (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002),
vol. 2: John, Acts
, 1-216.

⁸
L. Morris, “The Relationship of the Fourth Gospel to the Synoptics,” in
Studies in the Fourth Gospel
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969), 15-63; D. A. Carson,
The Gospel According to John
, PNTC (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991), 49-58, esp. 52-55.

⁹
See R. Bauckham, “John for Readers of Mark,” in
The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel Audiences
, ed. R. Bauckham (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 147—71.

¹⁰
A. J. Köstenberger, “John,” and the literature cited there.

¹¹
U. C. von Wahlde, “Archaeology and John's Gospel,” in J. H. Charlesworth,
ed., Jesus and Archaeology
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006), 523-86.

¹²
M. Hengel, “Das Johannesevangelium als Quelle für die Geschichte des antiken Judentums,” in
Judaica, Hellenistica et Christiana: Kleine Schriften II
, WUNT 109 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999), 295, 322.

¹³
Ibid., 296, 322 (in general); p. 301 (Sychar), p. 317 (Tabernacles), p. 323 (Annas).

¹⁴
Ibid., 322-33, especially 333.

¹⁵
A. J. Köstenberger,
John
, BECNT (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2004), 17—18, and the references cited there.

¹⁶
Köstenberger, “Diversity and Unity,” 147—48, and the literature cited there.

¹⁷
Ibid., 148-49.

¹⁸
M. M. Thompson, “The Historical Jesus and the Johannine Christ,” in
Exploring the Gospel of John
, eds. R. A. Culpepper and C. C. Black (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996), 21—42; L. Morris, “History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel,” in
Studies in the Fourth Gospel
, 65—138.

¹⁹
L. Morris, “Was the Author of the Fourth Gospel an Eyewitness?” in
Studies in the Fourth Gospel
, 139—214; cf. R.
Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006).

²⁰
See on this chap. 9 on “Paul: The Man and His Message” above; cf. Köstenberger, “Diversity and Unity,” 145—46.

²¹
D. Wenham,
Paul: Follower of Jesus or Founder of Christianity?
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996).

²²
J. D. G. Dunn,
The Theology of Paul the Apostle
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 729.

²³
See A. J. Köstenberger, “Review of David Wenham,
Paul: Follower of Jesus or Founder of Christianity?” TrinJ
16 NS (1995): 259-62.

²⁴
Though he did bear the curse for us; Gal 3:10—13; cf. Deut 21:23. S. Kim,
The Origin of Paul's Gospel
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982).

²⁵
F. F. Bruce, “Is the Paul of Acts the Real Paul?”
BJRL
58 (1976): 282-305.

²⁶
For a general treatment including a taxonomy of views on the issue, see A. J. Mattill Jr., “The Value of Acts as a Source for the Study of Paul,” in
Perspectives on Luke-Acts
, ed. C. H. Talbert (Danville: Association of Baptist Professors of Religion, 1978), 76—98. The disjunction between the Paul of Acts and the Paul of the Letters has been most definitively argued by E. Haenchen,
The Acts of the Apostles
, trans. B. Noble and G. Shinn (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1971), 112—16; and P. Vielhauer, “On the ‘Paulinism’ of Acts,” in
Studies in Luke-Acts
, ed. L. E. Keck and J. L. Martyn (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1966), 33-50. See the critique in S. E. Porter,
The Paul of Acts, WUNT
115 (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1999), 187-206.

²⁷
Acts 14:19-20; 16:40; 18:9-10; 19:11; 20:10-11; 23:11,31-34; 26:28-29; 27:43-44; 28:30-31.

²⁸
1 Cor 2:1-5; 2 Cor 11:16-12:10.

²⁹
Acts 13:9-11,16-41; 14:15-17; 17:22-31; 20:18-35; 22:1-21; 24:10-21; 26:2-26.

³⁰
1 Cor 2:1—5; 2 Cor 10:1,10—11. But see the cautionary note sounded in Porter,
Paul of Acts
, 101.

³¹
For a competent and constructive critique, see esp. Porter,
Paul of Acts
, 187—206; cf. Bruce, “Real Paul,” 282—305; L. T. Johnson,
The Writings of the New Testament
(Minneapolis: Fortress, 1986), 231—38; and B. Witherington,
The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 430—38.

³²
See D. Wenham, “Unity and Diversity in the New Testament,” in G. E. Ladd,
A Theology of the New Testament
, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), 687-92.

³³
So rightly Bruce, “Real Paul,” 305; Witherington, Acts, 438; et al.

³⁴
Bruce (“Real Paul,” 285—93) listed several additional pages of similar “undesigned coincidences” under this category; see Köstenberger, “Diversity and Unity,” 150.

³⁵
Acts 13:46-48; 28:25-28; cf. Rom 1:16; 2:9-10; 10:12; 1 Cor 1:22,24; 12:13; Gal 3:28; Col 3:11.

³⁶
Bruce, “Real Paul,” 305.

³⁷
Porter,
Paul of Acts
, 205-6.

³⁸
Ibid., 5, 98-125.

³⁹
Ibid., 7.

⁴⁰
Witherington,
Acts
, 438.

⁴¹
See D. A. Carson, “Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: The Possibility of Systematic Theology,” in
Scripture and Truth
, ed. D. A. Carson and J. D. Woodbrige (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983), 84—86. The idea of development in Paul's thought is not at odds with that of the coherence of the NT. This would only be the case if actual contradictions between Paul's earlier and later thought could be demonstrated.

⁴²
E.g., U. Schnelle,
Wandlungen im paulinischen Denken
(Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1989), and the literature cited below.

⁴³
See H. D. Betz,
Galatians
, Hermeneia (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979), 200: “in 1 Corinthians Paul has retracted the Galatian position.”

⁴⁴
See F. F. Bruce, “‘All Things to All Men’: Diversity in Unity and Other Pauline Tensions,” in
Unity and Diversity in New Testament Theology
, ed. R. Guelich (Grand Rapids: Rerdmans, 1978), 82—83, with reference to J. W. Drane,
Paul: Libertine or Legalist?
(London: SPCK, 1975).

⁴⁵
E.g., H. Räisänen,
Paul and the Law
, 2d ed. (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1987).

⁴⁶
Though, as J. D. G. Dunn rightly noted, “The brevity of the period cannot be counted as a determinative factor in answering the question”
(Theology of Paul the Apostle
, 730).

⁴⁷
C. H. Dodd, “The Mind of Paul: A Psychological Approach,”
BJRL
17 (1933): 91-105. Dodd argued for a “change of temper” on Paul's part in his later epistles as a result of a “spiritual crisis” or a “sort of second version” (p. 104). In his “The Mind of Paul: Change and Development,”
BJRL
18 (1934): 69—110, Dodd sought to show that Paul transcended the dualism of “this age” and “the age to come” in favor of what he called a “universalism” that also entailed a revaluation of the natural order (pp. 109—10).

⁴⁸
See R. N. Longenecker, “On the Concept of Development in Pauline Thought,” in
Perspectives on Evangelical Theology
, ed. K. S. Kantzer and S. N. Gundry (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979), 195-207.

⁴⁹
See esp. Kim,
Origin of Paul's Gospel.

⁵⁰
See Dunn,
Theology of Paul
, 21—22 (with further bibliographical references in n. 72); M. Hengel and A. M. Schwemer,
Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years
, trans. J. Bowden (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997), 279—91; and the study by R. Riesner,
Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology
(Grand Rapids: Rerdmans, 1998).

⁵¹
E. Lohse, “Changes of Thought in Pauline Theology? Some Reflections on Paul's Ethical Teaching in the Context of His Theology,” in
Theology and Ethics in Paul and His Interpreters. Essays in Honor of Victor Paul Furnish
, ed. E. H. Lovering Jr. and J. L. Sumney (Nashville: Abingdon, 1996), 160; cf. V. P. Furnish, “Development in Paul's Thought,”
JAAR
38 (1970): 289-303.

⁵²
Lohse, “Changes of Thought,” 151—53. Lohse believed 1 Thessalonians was the first and Romans the last authentic Pauline letter, while relegating 2 Thessalonians, Colossians, Ephesians, and the Pastorals to Deutero-Pauline status. If Galatians is dated earlier than Lohse allowed, this would further speak against a Pauline development with regard to his doctrine of justification by faith.

⁵³
Ibid., 154, against H. Hübner,
Law in Paul's Thought
, ed. J. Riches (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1984).

⁵⁴
Ibid., 156, with reference to F. Hahn, “Gibt es eine Entwicklung in den Aussagen über die Rechtfertigung bei Paulus?”
EvT 53
(1993): 342—66; against G. Strecker, “Befreiung und Rechtfertigung. Zur Stellung der Rechtfertigungslehre in der Theologie des Paulus,” in
Rechtfertigung. Festschrift für Ernst Käsemann
, ed. J. Friedrich, W. Pöhlmann, and P. Stuhlmacher (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976), 479—508. Cf. A. Schlatter
(The Theology of the Apostles
, trans. A. J. Köstenberger [Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999], 306), who commented that “[n]owhere do the later epistles lead the community beyond these norms [i.e., the ethical instructions of 1 and 2 Thessalonians]; they merely reveal more completely Paul's rationale."

⁵⁵
This, of course, assumes the Pauline authorship of the Pastoral Epistles. See the discussion of pseudonymity in chap. 15 above.

⁵⁶
See the following discussion and Bruce, “All Things to All Men,” 82—99.

⁵⁷
Rom 1:1,9,16; 2:16; 16:25; 1 Cor 4:15; 9:12,16,18,23; 15:1; Gal 1:6-7,11; 2:2,5,7,14; Eph 1:13; 3:6; 6:19; etc.

⁵⁸
P. Achtemeier, “The Continuing Quest for Coherence in St. Paul: An Experiment in Thought,” in
Theology and Ethics in Paul and His Interpreters: Essays in Honor of Victor Paul Furnish
, 132—45, esp. p. 138.

⁵⁹
See further the discussion below.

⁶⁰
Dunn considered Colossians, Ephesians, and the Pastorals to be non-Pauline
(Theology of Paul
, 13, n. 39; see pp. 732-33).

⁶¹
Ibid., 730-31.

⁶²
For a very brief synopsis, see Köstenberger, “Diversity and Unity,” 152—53. For an excellent treatment of the relationships among various NT writers, see A. Schlatter,
New Testament Theology
, 2 vols., trans. A. J. Köstenberger (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997, 1999).

⁶³
G. Maier,
Biblical Hermeneutics
, trans. R. W. Yarbrough (Wheaton: Crossway, 1997), 202, cited in Köstenberger, “Diversity and Unity,” 153.

⁶⁴
C. H. Dodd, “The Present Task in New Testament Studies,” an inaugural lecture delivered in the Divinity School, Cambridge on Tuesday, 2 June 1936.

⁶⁵
See esp. the work by R. Bauckham,
God Crucified: Monotheism and Christology in the New Testament
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), vii. He argued that from the very beginning “early Christians included Jesus … within the unique identity of the one God of Israel."

⁶⁶
See Acts 1:3; 8:12; 14:22; 19:8; 28:23,31; Rom 14:17; 1 Cor 4:20; 6:9-10; 15:50; Gal 5:21; Col 4:11; 2 Thess 1:5; Rev 12:10.

⁶⁷
Rom 1:18; 3:5,21-22; 10:3; 2 Cor 5:21; Phil 3:9; see Jas 1:20; 2 Pet 1:1.

⁶⁸
John 11:4,40; 12:43; Acts 7:55; Rom 1:23; 3:7,23; 5:2; 15:7; 1 Pet 4:14; Rev 15:8; 19:1; 21:11,23.

⁶⁹
Mark 1:14; Acts 20:24; Rom 1:1; 15:16; 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Thess 2:2,8-9; 1 Tim 1:11; 1 Pet 4:17.

⁷⁰
See F. F. Bruce, “All Things to All Men,” 92; and L. W. Hurtado,
One God, One Lord: Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism
(Philadelphia: Portress, 1988), esp. pp.
97—99.
See also L. W. Hurtado,
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
(Grand Rapids: Rerdmans, 2003).