The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown (207 page)

⁷¹
See R. Bultmann,
Theology of the New Testament
, trans. K. Grobel (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970), 3, and the discussion above. See also P. Balla,
Challenges to New Testament Theology
(Peabody: Hendrickson, 1998), 170—77; P. Stuhlmacher,
Biblische Theologie des New Testament
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992), 1:18: “Jesus' proclamation is not a mere ‘presupposition,’ but the historical foundation of NT theology”; and R. Morgan, “The Historical Jesus and the Theology of the New Testament,” in
The Glory of Christ in the New Testament: Studies in Christology in Memory of George Bradford Caird
, ed. L. D. Hurst and N. T. Wright (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987), 187-206.

⁷²
See O. Betz, “The Problem of Variety and Unity in the New Testament,”
HBT21
(1980): 10-11.

⁷³
See Balla
(Challenges to New Testament Theology
, 173), who contended that Jesus is the origin of the Christology of the first Christians (including the evangelists); and Guthrie,
New Testament Theology
, 54—55.

⁷⁴
See J. D. G. Dunn,
Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: An Inquiry into the Character of Earliest Christianity
(London: SCM, 1990), 369; id.,
Theology of Paul
, 729 (see Wenham, “Unity and Diversity,” 711); and E. P. Sanders
(Paul and Palestinian Judaism
[Minneapolis: Fortress, 1977], 441—42), who identified the fact “that Jesus Christ is Lord” and “that in him God has provided for the salvation of all who believe” as one of two “primary convictions which governed Paul's Christian life."

⁷⁵
See Bruce (“All Things to All Men,” 87), who spoke of “[t]he Christ who, from Paul's conversion onward, replaced the law as the center of his life and thought” (with further reference to Rom 10:4).

⁷⁶
E. Lohse,
Die Vielfalt des Neuen Testaments
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982), 227—30. See A. J. Köstenberger, “The Gospel for All Nations,” in
Faith Comes by Hearing: A Response to Inclusivism
, ed. R. A. Peterson and C. W. Morgan (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2008), 201—19.

⁷⁷
Lohse,
Vielfalt des Neuen Testaments
, 246.

⁷⁸
Rom 1:16; 2:9-10; 10:12; 1 Cor 1:22,24; 12:13; Gal 3:28; Col 3:11; see Acts 13:46-48; 28:25-28; see Luke 2:32.

⁷⁹
So correctly Carson, “Unity and Diversity,” 73. See also P. Stuhlmacher,
Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999), 2:310: “The (major) witnesses of the NT teach jointly that Jesus' cross-death is to be understood as an atoning, divinely commissioned death for ‘the many.’”

⁸⁰
E.g., D. J. Moo,
Romans
, NICNT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), 29-30.

⁸¹
See J. Reumann,
Variety and Unity in New Testament Thought
(Oxford: University Press, 1991), 289.

⁸²
See Bruce, “All Things to All Men,” 96.

⁸³
E.g., Gal 6:14; 1 Thess 5:9; 2 Thess 2:1,14; 1 Cor 1:7; 8:6; 15:57; Rom 1:4; 5:1,11; 6:23; 13:14; Col 2:6; Jas 1:1; 2:1; 1 Tim 1:12; 2 Pet 1:16; Jude 4,17,21.

⁸⁴
See G. E. Ladd, “Eschatology and the Unity of New Testament Theology,”
ExpTim
68 (1956-57): 268-73; cf. Stuhlmacher,
Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments
, 2:310: “The NT witnesses…also all teach the expectation of parousia and final judgment."

⁸⁵
See Stuhlmacher,
Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments
, 2:310—11.

⁸⁶
D. P. Fuller,
The Unity of the Bible
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992), 22-23.

⁸⁷
Wenham, “Unity and Diversity,” 703; see Carson, “Unity and Diversity,” 65—95.

⁸⁸
Betz, “Problem of Variety and Unity,” 6.

⁸⁹
See I. H. Marshall, “Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earlier Christianity,”
Them
2/1 (1976): 5—14.

⁹⁰
W. Bauer,
Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
(Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979; German original 1934). But see the compelling critique by P. Trebilco, “Christian Communities in Western Asia Minor into the Early Second Century: Ignatius and Others as Witnesses against Bauer,”
JETS
49 (2006): 17—44.

⁹¹
G. B. Caird,
New Testament Theology
, ed. L. D. Hurst (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 24. See the largely positive assessment of Caird's work in D. A. Carson, “New Testament Theology,” in
Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments
, ed. R. P. Martin and P. H. Davids (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998), 803—4.

⁹²
Jesus the Messiah and Lord and the gospel are cited by Betz ("Problem of Variety and Unity,” 8—9) as establishing the unity of the NT.

⁹³
See C. L. Blomberg, “The Legitimacy and Limits of Harmonization,” in
Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon
, ed. D. A. Carson and J. D. Woodbridge (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986), 139—74; and H-W. Neudorfer, “Ist Sachkritik nötig? Anmerkungen zu einem Thema der biblischen Hermeneutik am Beispiel des Jakobusbriefs,”
KD
43 (1997), 301. Hermeneutik included in his proposed methodology the placing of an individual portion of Scripture into the overall framework of biblical teaching, which also entails the showing of interconnections and the demonstration of Scripture's unity.

GLOSSARY

agraphon
(pl.
Agrapha):
words of Jesus not recorded in the canonical NT Gospels (e.g., Acts 20:35: “It is more blessed to give than to receive”)

Agrippa I:
grandson of Herod the Great (s.v.) and ruler of Judea (AD 37-44); called “Herod” in the book of Acts (see Acts 12:1—4,19—23); not to be confused with his son Agrippa II before whom Paul pleaded his case (see Acts 26)

Akhmim Codex, Manuscript, or Fragment:
manuscript discovered in Akhmim, Egypt in the nineteenth century allegedly containing the apocryphal Gospel of Peter

Aleppo Codex:
OT manuscript (c. AD 900)

Alexandrian text type:
group of manuscripts that form the basis for the modern eclectic Greek text of the NT (e.g., Codex Sinaiticus)

Alexandrinus:
s.v. Codex Alexandrinus

allegory:
form of extended metaphor

allepigraphy:
from
allos
(“other”),
epi
(“upon”), and
graphō
(“to write”); notion that a piece of writing was authored by someone other than the person to whom authorship is explicitly ascribed in the document

alliteration:
repetition of initial letters

allonymity:
from
allos
(“other”) and
onoma
(“name”); notion that a person other than the one explicitly named is the author of a given piece of writing

allusion:
indirect identifiable intentional reference to another text or statement

alogi:
group of Christian heretics that flourished in Asia Minor around AD 170

amanuensis:
scribe or secretary used by a biblical author to write down his message

American Standard Version (ASV):
translation of the Bible first published in 1901

amillennialism:
belief that the biblical references to the thousand-year reign of Christ are symbolic in nature (s.v. Millennium)

amoraim:
from Aramaic
amar
(“to say, comment”); commentators of Tannaitic teachings

Amphilochius of Iconium (c. AD 340—395):
bishop of Iconium, cousin of Gregory Nazianzus, and theologically close to the Cappadocian Fathers

anachronism:
imposition of a later development onto an earlier period

anaphora:
from
anapherō
(“I repeat”); series of sentences beginning with the same word

Ancient of Days:
designation for God in Dan 7:13 in conjunction with the divine-human figure of a “One like a son of man” (s.v. “Son of man”)

Annas:
influential Jewish high priest (AD 6—15) and father-in-law of Caiaphas, high priest in the year of Jesus' crucifixion (see John 18:13—14)

anthropomorphism:
speaking of God in human terms (e.g., that God would change his mind; see Exod 32:14; Jonah 3:10)

anti-chiliast:
position rejecting the notion of a thousand-year reign of Christ at the end of human history (held by Eusebius and others)

Antichrist:
end-time figure setting himself against God and the Lord Jesus Christ (e.g., 1 John 2:18; 2 John 7; s.v. man of lawlessness)

antilegomena:
works whose canonicity was disputed in the early church

Anti-Marcionite Prologues:
despite their name, these prefaces to Mark, Luke, and John (Matthew is lost) were most likely not written against Marcion and may date to the fourth century AD; except for the prologue to Luke (which may date to around AD 160-180), they only exist in Latin

antinomianism:
an “antilaw” bias, frequently resulting in licentiousness

Antiochus Epiphanes IV (reigned 175-164 BC):
Seleucid (Greek) ruler who sought to impose Greek culture onto the Jews, erecting the “abomination of desolation” in the Jerusalem temple by setting up an altar to the supreme Greek god Zeus and sacrificing swine on it around 167 BC; in his opposition to God's people, he
served as a precursor of the Antichrist (see Dan 9:27; 11:31; 12:11; 1 Macc 1:54; Matt 24:15; Mark 13:14)

Antipas:
s.v. Herod Antipas

antiquity:
criterion of canonicity pertaining to a document's writing during the apostolic period

antithesis:
contrasting idea

apocalypse:
a literary work containing symbolic depictions of end-time events

Apocalypse of Peter:
a gnostic document found in the Nag Hammadi library in Egypt

apocalyptic:
a worldview that describes end-time events in symbolic terms

apocalypticism:
the sociological phenomenon of a group steeped in an end-time perspective

Apocrypha:
the OT Apocrypha, accepted as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church but not by those in the Protestant tradition, comprising writings such as 1 and 2 Esdras, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees, Tobit, Judith, and other writings produced subsequent to the OT prophetic period; the NT Apocrypha contains various Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses produced during the subapostolic period (s.v.) and are recognized by neither Roman Catholics nor Protestants as part of the NT canon

apocryphal:
obscure or hidden; pertaining to the Apocrypha

Apocryphon of John:
a gnostic document found in the Nag Hammadi library in Egypt

aporia:
apparent incongruity or literary seam indicating an author's use of written sources

apostle:
in a narrow, technical sense, a member of the Twelve (see Matt 10:1—4 and parallels); slightly extended in the NT to include others also such as Paul and Barnabas; in a broader sense, also includes missionaries and other emissaries (e.g., Rom 16:7; 2 Cor 8:23; Phil 2:25)

apostolic eyewitness:
the firsthand testimony of the Twelve recorded in the four canonical Gospels

Apostolic Fathers:
group of writings produced during the early patristic period comprising 1
and 2 Clement;
The Letters of Ignatius;
The Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians
and
The Martyrdom of Polycarp; The Didache; The Epistle of Barnabas; The Shepherd of Hermas; The Epistle to Diognetus;
the Fragment of Quadratus; and Fragments of Papias

apostolic period:
lifetime of those who were eyewitnesses of Jesus' ministry and had been specially appointed by him to serve as his messengers; normally viewed as ending with the writing of the last NT book, the book of Revelation (c. AD 95; s.v. also subapostolic period)

apostolicity:
direct or indirect association of a given NT work with an apostle

Appian:
second-century AD Greek historian from Alexandria, author of the
Roman History

Aquinas:
s.v. Thomas Aquinas

Aramaic:
ancient near Eastern language akin to Hebrew; in the OT, featured in portions of Daniel and Esther; also found in the Targums (s.v.); Jesus spoke Aramaic, and the NT Gospels preserve several authentic sayings of Jesus in Aramaic (e.g., Matt 27:46)

argumentatio:
section containing the writer's main argument

Ark of the Covenant:
a sacred chest made of acacia wood and covered with gold containing the tablets of stone with the Ten Commandments and other important religious objects (see, e.g., Heb 9:4)

Armageddon:
from Hb.
har megido
(“Mount Megiddo”); site of battle in OT times near the city of Meggido (2 Kgs 23:28-30; 2 Chr 35:20-25) and location of the final battle between the forces of God and Satan prior to the return of Christ (Rev 16:16)

Armenian manuscripts:
biblical copies written in an Indo-European language spoken in the Caucasus mountains and the Armenian diaspora

ascension (of Christ):
Christian belief that the Lord Jesus Christ, subsequent to his resurrection from the dead, was taken up to heaven (see Luke 24:51; Acts 1:9)

asceticism:
the suppression of bodily passions

assonance:
resemblance of sound

asyndeton:
deliberate omission of conjunctions

Athanasius of Alexandria (c. AD 296-373):
fourth-century AD bishop of Alexandria, best known for his Festal Letter in AD 367 listing all 27 canonical books of the NT

Athenagoras of Athens (c. AD 180):
Christian philosopher and apologist and author of
Supplication

atonement:
blood sacrifice rendered for sin

Attic:
ancient Greek dialect

Augustine of Hippo (AD 354—430):
North African church father and bishop of Hippo, son of the pious Monica and author of
Confessions
and
The City of God