The Cry for Myth
Authors: Rollo May
By the same author
LOVE AND WILL
THE MEANING OF ANXIETY
MAN’S SEARCH FOR HIMSELF
POWER AND INNOCENCE
THE COURAGE TO CREATE
PSYCHOLOGY AND THE HUMAN DILEMMA
FREEDOM AND DESTINY
THE DISCOVERY OF BEING
“I NEVER PROMISED YOU A ROSE GARDEN”
MYTH AS OUR GLIMPSE OF INFINITY
TWO
Our Personal Crises in Myths
WHERE HAVE ALL OUR HEROES GONE?
MYTHS AND MORALS: MURDER IN CENTRAL PARK
FIVE
Freud and the Mystery of Myths
OEDIPUS----MYTH OF SELF-DISCOVERY
THE TRAGEDY OF TRUTH ABOUT ONESELF
SIX
The Great Myth of the New Land
SEVEN
Individualism and Our Age of Narcissism
THE MYTH AND NEUROSIS OF NARCISSUS
EIGHT
Gatsby and the American Dream
Part III:
MYTHS OF THE WESTERN WORLD
NINE
The Therapist and the Journey Into Hell
TEN
Peer Gynt: A Man’s Problem in Loving
TWELVE
Faust: The Myth of Patriarchal Power
MARLOW’S FAUST—GRANDEUR AND TRAGEDY
THIRTEEN
Goethe’s Faust and the Enlightenment
FOURTEEN
Faust in the Twentieth Century
THE LAMENTATION OF DR. FAUSTUS
FIFTEEN
The Devil and Creativity
MOBY DICK AND THE MYTH OF CAPTAIN AHAB
CATHARSIS IN THE STRUGGLE WITH EVIL
SIXTEEN
The Great Circle of Love
A
s
A PRACTICING PSYCHOANALYST
I find that contemporary therapy is almost entirely concerned, when all is surveyed, with the problems of the individual’s search for myths. The fact that Western society has all but lost its myths was the main reason for the birth and development of psychoanalysis in the first place. Freud and the divergent therapists made it clear that myths are the essential language in psychoanalysis.
The great interest in Joseph Campbell’s television talks on myth is the most obvious demonstration of the profound need throughout Western countries for myth. But whereas Campbell’s talks were almost exclusively about myths in India, Asia, China, and Asia Minor, this book is about myths as they are immediately present in the consciousness and unconsciousness of contemporary living people in the West.
We are concerned here with narratives which come up continuously in contemporary psychotherapy.
I speak of the
Cry
for myths because I believe there is an urgency in the need for myth in our day. Many of the problems of our society, including cults and drug addiction, can be traced to the lack of myths which will give us as individuals the inner security we need in order to live adequately in our day. The sharp increase in suicide among young people and the surprising increase in depression among people of all ages are due, as I show in this book, to the confusion and the unavailability of adequate myths in modern society. This book will appeal, I hope, to people in America and similar countries as part of our
endeavor to bring the problem of myths into open consciousness and to show how myths can be rediscovered as tools for understanding ourselves.
This is especially urgent as we seek to give meaning to our lives—in our creativity, our loves, our challenges—since we stand on the threshold of a new century. The approach of a new period in history stimulates us to take stock of our past and to ask the question of the meaning we have made and are making in our lives. It is in that mood that I offer this book.
Rollo May
Here we have our present age … bent on the extermination of myth. Man today, stripped of myth, stands famished among all his pasts and must dig frantically for roots, be it among the most remote antiquities.
Friedrich Nietzsche,
The Birth of Tragedy from
the Spirit of Music
It may perhaps seem to you as though our theories are a kind of mythology…. But does not every science come in the end to a kind of mythology like this? Cannot the same be said today of your own Physics?
Freud, in his correspondence
with Einstein
We hear the cry for myth, sometimes a silent cry, on the campuses of our day. Science and Humanism must join together to respond to this cry.
Matthew Bronson, biologist,
at a student conference at
the University of California, San Diego
ONE
Studied alive, myth … is not an explanation in satisfaction of a scientific interest, but a narrative resurrection of a primeval reality, told in satisfaction of deep religious wants, moral cravings.
Bronislaw Malinowski,
Magic, Science and Religion
A
MYTH IS A WAY
of making sense in a senseless world. Myths are narrative patterns that give significance to our existence. Whether the meaning of existence is only what we put into life by our own individual fortitude, as Sartre would hold, or whether there is a meaning we need to discover, as Kierkegaard would state, the result is the same: myths are our way of finding this meaning and significance. Myths are like the beams in a house: not exposed to outside view, they are the structure which holds the house together so people can live in it.
Myth making is essential in gaining mental health, and the compassionate therapist will not discourage it. Indeed, the very birth and proliferation of psychotherapy in our contemporary age were called forth by the disintegration of our myths.
Through its myths a healthy society gives its members relief from neurotic guilt and excessive anxiety. In ancient Greece, for example, when the myths were vital and strong, individuals in the society were able to meet the problems of existence without overwhelming anxiety or guilt feeling. Hence we find the philosophers in those times discussing beauty, truth, goodness, and courage as values in human life. The myths freed Plato and Aeschylus and Sophocles to create their great philosophic and literary works, which come down as treasures for us today.
But when the myths of classical Greece broke down, as they did in the third and second centuries, Lucretius could see “aching hearts in every home, racked incessantly by pangs the mind was powerless to assuage and forced to vent themselves in recalcitrant repining.”
*
We in the twentieth century are in a similar situation of “aching hearts” and “repining.” Our myths no longer serve their function of making sense of existence, the citizens of our day are left without direction or purpose in life, and people are at a loss to control their anxiety and excessive guilt feeling. People then flock to psychotherapists or their substitutes, or drugs or cults, to get help in holding themselves together. Hence the psychologist Jerome Bruner can write, “For when the prevailing myths fail to fit the varieties of man’s plight, frustration expresses itself first in mythoclasm and then in the lonely search for internal identity.”
†
This “lonely search for internal identity” is a widespread need which gives rise in our society to the development of psychoanalysis and the many forms and promises of psychotherapy and the multitude of cure-alls and cults, constructive or destructive as they may be.