The Days of the French Revolution (40 page)

Enragés
, extremist faction, 186; moderates against, 193–4; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; Varlet, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; and Insurrectionary Committee, 211; encourage
taxation populaire
, 212; and death of Marat, 214; released from prison, 271

Eprémesnil, Jean Jacques Duval d’, 39, 49, 311

Estaing, Comte d’, 90–91, 311

Estates General, and
parlement
, 39; and Third Estate, 40–41, 44, 57–9; elections to, 45; convention at Versailles, 46, 49–55; tennis-court oath, 59–60; Electors organize a militia, 64; Robespierre elected to, 208

Évrard, Simone, 213, 214

Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe (1750–94), 231, 236, 243

fédéralisme
, 202, 212, 215

fédérés
, at
Fête de la Fédération
, 113–15; King vetoes decree on, 146; sing
Marseillaise
, 153–4; at storming of Tuileries, 159

Féraud, Jean, 276, 279

Ferriéres-Marsay, Marquis de, 102–3, 113–14, 146, 311

Fersen, Hans Axel, Count von (1755–1810), history, 119–20; flight to Varennes, 120, 121–2; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; his dog, 183–4; on Queen in Conciergerie, 221; later life and death, 311

Festival of Supreme Being, 251–3, 260

Fête de la Fédération
, 112–15

Feuillants, formation of Club, 135, 210; opposed to war, 137, 142; Marat attacks, 140; King replaces Ministers with, 146; applaud Lafayette, 150; shout abuse at King, 155; deprived of franchise, 180

Five Hundred, Council of, legislative power of, 282; purged, 297; wait for revenge, 298; attack Directory, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300, 302, 303; Jourdan’s motion defeated, 300;
coup d’état
of
Brumaire
, 302–4

Flesselles, Jacques de, 69, 77, 82

Fleuriot, Jean-Baptiste Lescot-, 264, 267

Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante (1758–1820), and Terror at Lyons, 227; de-Christianization programme, 230; and Robespierre, 258–9, 260; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; arrested, 281–2;
Minister of Police, 299, 302; and
coup d’état
of
Brumaire
, 303; later life, 311

Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine-Quentin (1746–95), history and appearance, 240; and trial of Dan ton, 240–41, 242, 243; and execution of Lucille Desmoulins, 245; on increasing number of executions, 246; and Robespierre, 254; loses office, 271; executed, 272, 311

Fournier, Claude, 103

Fourteenth July,
Fête de la Fédération
, 112–15; 1792 celebrations, 151–3

Fréron, Louis-Marie (1754–1802), urges attack on prisoners, 169; executions in Toulon, 227; calls on Robespierre, 258; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; advice to Convention, 265; becomes reactionary, 271; and Bonaparte, 285; and
journées
of
Vendémiaire
, 286; later life and death, 312

générale
, 279, 284

Girard, Elizabeth, 103

Girondins, prominent men amongst, 136–7; and
émigrés
, 138; and non-juring priests, 138; and Marat, 142, 196; condemn dismissal of Narbonne, 144; accuse Jacobins, 146; red cap emblem, 149–50; hope to avert bloodshed, 156; and Danton, 168, 195–6, 234; and National Convention, 180; alienate Parisians, 181; hope to spare King’s life, 181, 184, 185; with Montagnards against
sans-culottes
and
Enragés
, 193–4; tarnished reputation, 195; and corn prices, 198; overthrow of, 198–201; and Robespierre, 210; Charlotte Corday, 212; and
fédéralisme
, 212; and Hébert, 215; leaders tried and executed, 222–3; and Chaumette, 230; recalled to Convention, 272; commemmorated, 280; La Revellière, 291

Gobel, Jean Baptiste, Archbishop of Paris (1727–94), 232, 244

Goethe, 179

Goodwin, A., 40

Great Fear, 93

Gredeler, Marie, 174

Grégoire, Henri, Abbé, 49, 111, 312

Guadet, Marguerite Élie (1758–94), 136, 196, 312

Guiana, transportation to, 146, 274, 297, 298

Guillotin, Joseph Ignace (1738–1814), 59, 187–8, 312

Hampson, Norman, 34–5

Hanriot, François (1759–94), appearance and personality, 198; commands National Guard, 198, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 200–201; and Robespierre, 254; and protest against arrest of Robespierrists, 263–4; surrounds Convention, 264; flung from window, 266; execution, 267, 268

Hazlitt, William (1778–1830), 226

Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94), 141; personality and history, 140; urges attack on prisoners, 169; Girondins order arrest of, 198; free, 198; and Hébertists, 215; and trial of Girondin leaders, 222; and de-Christianization campaign, 231; and Danton, 234; attacks Dantonists, 235; execution of, 235; execution of his widow, 244

Hébertists, harass Committee of Public Safety, 215; encourage invasion of Convention, 216–17; Danton attacks, 235; and Robespierre, 235; arrest and execution of, 236; and Gobel, 244; released from prison, 271

Hérault de Séchelles, Marie, 200–201, 243, 244

Herman, Nicolas-François, 241, 242, 272, 312

Hoche, Lazare (1768–97), 281, 296, 312

Hood, Samuel, Viscount, 203

Hôtel de Ville, Paris, Electors organize militia, 64; Permanent Committee deals with subversion, 69, 77; Hulin harangues mob, 78; atmosphere of congratulation, 88; Louis XVI welcomed in, 90–91; violence outside, 92; market women, 97; Lafayette and National Guard, 100; and Champ de Mars massacre, 135; delegates of
sections
, 154; Swiss guards massacred 161; Robespierre in, 264, 265

Hulin, Pierre, 78–9, 80, 81

Humbert, Jean-Baptiste, 70–71, 80–81

incroyables
, 273–4

Indulgents
, 235, 236, 238

Insurrectionary Committee, 198, 199, 200, 211

Insurrectionary Commune, 154, 161, 162, 168

Invalides, 69–70

Isnard, Maximin (1758–1825), 139, 198, 312

Italy, 286, 295, 296, 299

Jacobins, influence on radical opinion, 110; decline of, 135; anxious to avoid war, 142; and Girondins, 146, 198, 199; and dethronement of King, 154; Department of Paris opposed to, 156; elected to National Convention, 180; become known as Montagnards (
q.v.
), 181; and September Massacres, 181; and control of corn prices, 198; problems after
coup d’état
against
Girondins, 201–2; and Robespierre, 209, 210, 261; attack Roux, 212; and Hébert, 215; propose
Terreur
, 217; Vadier, 236; actors denounced by, 255; Fouché, 259; closure of Jacobin Club, 272; and Directory, 293, 298; and Babeuf’s conspiracy, 294; newspapers reappear, 299; public feeling against, 300; Bonaparte, 301; false rumour of plot by, 302

jeunesse dorée
, 271–2, 275, 279

Johnson, Samuel (1709–84), 24

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741–90), 22, 118, 143

Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste,
later
Count Jourdan, 257, 300, 301, 312

Jourdan, Nicholas, 101

journées
, storming of Bastille, 75–80; march of women to Versailles, 97–105; Champ de Mars massacre, 134–5; storming of Tuileries, 155–61; overthrow of Girondins, 198–201; attempted
coup
by Hébertists, 216; of 9
Thermidor
, 263–8; of 12
Germinal
, 274; of 1
Prairial
, 278–9; of
Vendémiaire
, 284–8

Junot, Laure, 280, 285

Lafayette, Marie Joseph du Motier, Marquis de (1757–1834), appearance and personality, 43; elected to Estates General, 45; reads King’s speech, 88; commander of National Guard, 88, 100; and Noailles, 94; at Versailles, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104; back to Paris with royal family, 104; at
Fête de la Fédération
, 113–14; confronts mob at Tuileries, 118; and flight to Varennes, 124, 126; and the King, 130, 151; and Champs de Mars massacre, 135; hopes to restore order, 145; condemns invasion of Tuileries, 150; and the Queen, 151; attitude of Left to, 151; Danton attacks, 168; defects to Austria, 168; later life, 312–13

Lally-Tollendal, Thomas-Arthur, Marquis de, 94, 109, 112, 313

Lamartine, Alphonse de, 223

Lamballe, Marie Thérèse de Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de (1749–92), 22, 23, 175–6, 183

Lameth, Alexandre, Comte de (1760–1829), 142, 313

Lameth, Théodore (1756–1854), 142, 181, 313

Lamoignon, Chrétien de (1735–89), 39, 40, 313

Langres, Bishop of, 99

Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Comte de, 199–200, 313

La Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie de (1753–1824), 291, 294–5, 316

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre, Duc de, 42, 49, 87, 313

La Tour du Pin, Comtesse de, on Louis XVI, 20, 51; on Necker’s speech, 52; on Marie Antoinette, 52; on Mirabeau, 57; and anglomania, 58, later life, 313

Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de, 78; personality, 72–3, 74; preparations for attack, 74; meets delegation of Electors, 74; and Thuriot, 74–5; second bout of musketry fire, 78; decides to surrender, 79; opens gates, 80; death, 81; decapitation, 82

Le Bon, Joseph (1765–95), 228, 272

Lefebvre, Georges, 33–4

Legendre, Louis (1752–97), background and personality, 147; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Danton’s arrest, 239; and
journée
of 12
Germinal
, 274; and bread riots, 277; and
journée
of 1
Prairial
, 278; death of, 313

Legislative Assembly, attitude to monarchy, 136; Girondins, 136; attitude to war, 137; and
émigrés
, 138; concerned about counter-revolution, 145–6; and citizens’ demonstration, 148; declares state of emergency, 151; and dethronement of King, 154; King seeks protection of, 156, 158;
sans-culottes
force way into, 159

Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Louis-Michel, 216–17, 232

Letourneur, Étienne-François, 291, 297, 313

Lindet, Robert (1749–1825), 238, 271, 280, 299, 313

Lindet, Thomas, 110, 313

Linguet, Simon, 71, 313

Louis the Dauphin,
father of Louis XVI
(d. 1765), 21

Louis XIV, King (1638–1715), 28, 31

Louis XV, King (1710–74), 19, 20, 25, 28

Louis XVI, King (1754–93), succeeds to throne, 19; personality, 19, 23–4, 29, 49, 129, 205; appearance, 19–20, 51, 155; wedding, 20, 21; attitude to women, 21; sex, 21–2, 23; birth of his children, 23; domestic routine, 24–5; and his wife, 25, 27, 35; affairs of state, 27, 39; Turgot annoys, 35; and Necker, 36, 40, 44, 88–9; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 61–2; death of his eldest son, 54, 61;
lettres de cachet
, 61; and revolt of Third Estate, 62–3; orders military reinforcements, 63, 64; and fall of Bastille, 87; and National Assembly, 87; dissatisfaction over his promises, 88; tricolour in his hat, 90; popu
larity, 90–91; withholds consent to National Assembly decrees, 95; banquet for arrival of Flanders Regiment, 95, 96; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99, 100; advised to flee from Versailles, 98, 100; Lafayette reassures, 101; and the Dauphin, 102, 129; appears on balcony, 103, 104; journey to Tuileries, 104–5; ‘the baker’, 105; change in title, 109; and Mirabeau, 110, 111; at
Fête de la Fédération
, 114; and Civil Constitution, 115, 117, 118; hopes to recover lost authority, 116–17; decides to escape, 118–19; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 121–7; destroys papers, 128; the return to Paris, 128–30; and Lafayette, 130; vetoes Assembly’s decrees, 138; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary Wars, 144–5; replaces Ministers with Feuillants, 146; in despondency, 149; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and state of emergency, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 151–3; his abdication demanded, 154; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; seeks refuge in National Assembly, 158; to be imprisoned, 161–2; Convention sends for, 182; daily routine in prison, 182–3; condemned to death, 185; and his family, 185–6; execution, 186–9; and young Robespierre, 205

Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, Dauphin
from 1789, later
King Louis XVII (1785–95), birth of, 23; and Louis XVI, 102, 182, 186; and Marie Antoinette, 103–4, 118; on Tuileries, 105; at
Fête de la Fédération
, 114; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; return journey to Paris, 129; kicks up leaves, 157; soldier carries, 158; imprisoned, 182, 183; taken from his mother, 221; death of, 280

Louis Joseph Xavier, Dauphin (1781–9), 23, 54

Louis Philippe,
see
Chartres, Duc de

Louvet de Couvrai, Jean Baptiste (1760–97), 197, 228, 314

Lyons, depression, 34; outbreaks of fighting, 194; civil war, 202–3, 215; execution by cannon fire, 227; prisoners massacred, 272; royalist stronghold, 273

Maillard, Marie Julien Stanislas, 81, 97, 100, 172, 314

Malesherbes, Chrétien Lamoignon de (1721–94), 184

Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 41, 292, 314

Manège, Assembly established at, 104, 109; mob marches on, 148; royal family in, 158, 161; Convention transferred from, 197

Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1751–93), 150, 151, 157, 314

Marat, Albertine, 213, 314

Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–93), targets for his literary attacks, 140; appearance and personality, 140–41, 142; history, 141–2; urges violence, 146; urges attack on prisoners, 169; and
septembriseurs
, 176, 178; Girondins arraign, 196; Dr Moore on, 196–7; acquitted, 197; extreme popularity, 197–8; rings tocsin, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 201; Charlotte Corday murders, 212–13; David’s ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 216; and Custine, 215; busts of, 231, 232

Maria-Theresa, Empress of Austria (1717–80), 20

Marie Antoinette, Queen (1755–93), appearance, 20, 21, 51, 103, 221; personality, 20, 25, 26–7, 150; wedding, 20–21; and her husband, 21–2, 25, 98, 100, 118, 128, 149, 184, 185, 186; scurrilous rumours about, 22; birth of her children, 23; domestic routine, 24, 25; attitude to Court protocol, 25–6; Turgot annoys, 35; and Calonne, 38–9; and Necker, 44; at convention of Estates General, 50, 51, 52; and Third Estate, 59; applauded, 87; urges withdrawal of Court to Metz, 89; and market-women’s bread riot, 99, 100; escapes to King’s apartments, 101–2; shows herself to mob, 103, 104; leaves Versailles, 104–5; and Mirabeau, 111; at
Fête de la Fédération
, 114; becomes less unpopular, 117; mob at Tuileries, 118; aid from foreign powers, 119; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; and Assembly’s decree, 127; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary wars, 145; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Lafayette, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 152; Roederer advises, 157; fears for Dauphin’s safety, 158; life in prison, 182, 183; trial authorized, 215; Dauphin taken from, 221; trial and execution, 221–2