The Days of the French Revolution (41 page)

Marie Thérèse,
see
Royale, Madame

Marseillaise
, 153–4

Marseilles, 91, 153, 194, 202, 272

Martin, Jeanne, 97, 103

Maurepas, Jean Frédéric, Comte de (1701–81), 27, 28, 29, 37

Maury, Jean Siffrein, Abbé, 49, 53, 314

Menou, Jacques-François, 284

Mercier, Sébastien, 185, 233

Mercy-Argentau, Florimonde Claude, Comte de (1727–94), 22, 25, 314

Merda, Charles-André, 263–4, 265, 314

merveilleuses
, 274

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de (1749–91), and Estates General debate, 55, 57–8; family background, 55; history, personality and appearance, 55–7; rallies National Assembly, 62; on first stage of Revolution, 63; warns of preparations for war, 63–4; on greeting the King, 87; presses for recall of Necker, 88; and renunciation of feudal privileges, 94; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; concerned to contain Revolution, 110; and King, 110, 111; concerned about probable army mutiny, 116; on disintegration of monarchy, 133; and Danton, 167; on Robespierre, 208

Mirabeau, Jean Antoine (d. 1737), 55

Mirabeau, Victor, Marquis de, 55

Monaco, Princesse de, 246

monarchy,
cahier de doléances
, 45; Mirabeau on, 133; doomed, 133; abolition of, 180; oath of hatred of, 298

Monnier, Marie-Thérèse de, 56

Montagnards, and Girondins, 181, 193, 201; attitude to King, 181–2, 184; against
sans-culottes
and
Enragés
, 193–4; Danton joins, 196; and Marat, 197, 214; and Lanjuinais, 199; and rightward flow of Revolution, 271; become reactionary, 271; and Convention, 274; and
sans-culottes
bread riots, 276, 277; closely watched after riots, 279; deputies executed, 280; Government campaign against, 281; influence destroyed, 288; Reubell, 291

Montmorin, Comte de (1745–92), 176

Moore, John (1729–1802), 196–7

Morice, Philippe, 177

Morris, Gouverneur, 50, 51, 52, 66, 93

Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758–1806), and National Assembly, 59–60, 109, 112; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; advises King to flee, 100; later life, 315

Murat, Joachim, 286, 304, 315

Napoleon I,
see
Bonaparte, Napoleon

Narbonne, Archbishop of, 38, 315

Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, 143–4

National Assembly, name coined, 59; tennis-court oath, 59–60; and Louis XVI, 62–3, 87; and new constitution, 63; protests against troop movements, 64; granted fresh powers, 91; its authority in provincial towns, 92; problem of restoring order, 93; and feudal system, 94–5; adopts Declaration of Rights, 95; debates transferred to Paris, 104; reform, 109–10; radical nature of, 110; and Mirabeau, 110; policies towards Church, 111–12, 138; attitude to Revolution, 117; confirms Lafayette’s order, 126; Marat attacks, 140; effect of dismissal of Narbonne on, 144; Robespierre speaks in, 208; and march of 12
Germinal
, 274

National Convention, to be summoned, 161–2; composition of, 180; abolition of monarchy, 180; Year I of Republic 180–81; discord in, 181; unsympathetic to King, 184; revolutionary decrees, 193; declares war on European powers, 193; emergency decrees, 194–5; Marat shunned in, 197; Marat carried in triumph to, 197–8; and overthrow of Girondins, 198, 199; and Danton, 214, 238, 239; Carnot, 215; demonstrators invade, 216; meets Hébertists’ demands, 217; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; replacement of Gregorian calendar, 231; and Committee of Clemency, 235; and Robespierre, 251, 257, 259–61, 262–3; Festival of Supreme Being, 252; moderates condemn Terror, 257, 259; Lindet’s liberal proposals to, 271; Girondins recalled to, 272; and bread rioters, 275–7, 279;
journée
of 1
Prairial
, 278; new Constitution, 282; and Two-Thirds Law, 283; and danger from royalists, 283–4; and
journées of Vendémiaire
, 284–8

National Guard, formation of, 64; at Versailles, 100, 102; and royal family, 104, 130;
Fête de la Fédération
, 112, 114; at attempted demolition of Vincennes, 133–4; and massacre of Champ de Mars, 135; firearms privilege, 147;
sans-culottes
, 153; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; Guardsman addresses King, 158; Danton, 167; and King’s execution, 186, 187; Hanriot commands, 198; and overthrow of Girondins, 199, 201; Robespierre controls, 254; and arrest of Robespierrists, 263; accompany bread rioters, 275; reconstitution of, 280

Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 38, 84; Director-General of Finance, 35–7, 40; appearance and personality, 36; and problem of Third Estate, 44; popularity, 51; and Estates General, 52, 54; dismissed, 64; public feeling about, 65; and Louis XVI, 87, 88, 98, 100; public demand for recall of, 89; medal bearing head of, 91; later life, 315

Necker, Suzanne, 35–6, 315

Noailles, Comtesse de,
later
Duchesse de, 26, 246–7

Noailles, Louis, Vicomte de, 42, 94

nobility, privileges of, 31–2;
noblesse d’épée
and
noblesse de robe
, 32–3; economics, 33; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Church hierarchy, 43; and Third Estate, 54; and National Assembly, 62; renounce feudal privileges, 93–4; and Legislative Assembly, 136; receive compensation, 137;
émigrés
landlords, 138; go into hiding, 162; purge of army officers demanded, 215; brought to trial, 246; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248

Orléans, Louis Philippe, ‘Egalité’, Duc d’ (1747–93), 62; and Calonne, 38; elected to Estates General, 45; personality, 50; popularity, 51; joins National Assembly, 62; public feeling about, 65; his
agents provocateurs
, 97–8; talks to mob at Versailles, 102; member of National Convention, 180; execution, 223

Palais Royale, 66, 78, 92, 154

Paris, Brienne burned in effigy in, 40; troops in, 63, 64; inflammatory situation in, 64–5, 69–70; National Assembly established in Manège, 109;
Fête de la Fédération
, 112–15; light-hearted atmosphere, 116; anti-clericalism, 117–18; discovery of flight of royal family from, 123–4; royal family returns to, 130; violent demonstrations, 145; divisions between political parties, 146; inflation, 147;
sections
, 147, 154, 168, 212, 217, 272, 284; citizens’ demonstration, 148; Assembly losing control of, 154; changed atmosphere, 162; measures against counter-revolutionaries, 168–9; prison massacres, 170–79; mood of electorate, 180; revolutionary atmosphere, 180; Isnard warns of annihilation of, 198; control of, 201; terrorism, 202;
taxation populaire
, 212; crowds watch guillotining, 229; de-Christianization policy, 230–32; growing confusion of political scene, 234; centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; fear in, 255; daily life, 256; riots, 283;
journées
of
Vendémiaire
, 284–8; pleasures, luxury, fashion, 292;
coup d’état
of 18
Fructidor
, 297; Napoleon’s hero’s welcome, 300

parlements
, and Louis XVI, 27, 28, 39, 40; influence and jurisdiction, 27; and Crown, 28; and Turgot, 35; and land tax, 37–8, 39; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 40; declared in abeyance, 109; Queen’s trial, 221

Paroy, Marquis de, 99, 103–4

‘passive’ citizens, 147, 153, 154

Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme (1756–94), and return journey of royal family to Paris, 128–9; Mayor of Paris, 135, 151; and invasion of Tuileries, 150; and dethronement of King, 154; kept prisoner, 154; and
septembriseurs
, 176–7; death, 315

philosophes
, 28, 31, 42, 205

Pichegru, Charles, 281, 297, 315

Pierre, Jacques, 42

Pillnitz, Declaration of, 143

Polignac, Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de (1749–93), 22, 315

Pompadour, Jeanne Annette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19, 27, 71

Pont de Sommeville, 122–3

Pope Pius VI, III, 115, 117

Provence, 40, 50, 272

Provence, Stanislas Xavier, Comte de, ‘Monsieur’,
later
King Louis XVIII (1755–1824), 162; personality, 25; and Necker, 36, 37, 44; and Calonne, 38; Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, 89; leaves with royal family for Paris, 104; mob demands to see, 119; advocates war, 143; proclaims himself King, 281; later life, 315

Prussia, 143, 145, 179, 202

Reubell, Jean-François, 291, 294–5, 297, 316

Revolutionary Tribunal, creation of, 194, 195; and Marat, 196, 197; condemns Orléans, 223;
huissiers
, 229; Danton regrets, 239; Fouquier-Tinville, 240, 271; dispenses with defence lawyers and witnesses, 245–6; Robespierre controls, 254; powers reduced, 271

Rivarol, Antoine de, 133, 316

Robespierre, Augustin, 263, 266, 267, 268, 285

Robespierre, Charlotte, 206, 207–8, 210

Robespierre, François, 203–4

Robespierre, Maximilien Marie (1758–94), appearance, 203, 209, 251, 259, 267; personality, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210; background, 203; early history, 203, 204–6; writer, 206–7; simplicity of his life, 207–8, 209; orator, 208–9, 211; lodges with Duplays, 209–10; and Jacobin Club, 210, 261; avoids scenes of trouble, 210; on execution of King, 211; and death of Marat, 214; and Danton, 214, 234, 235, 236–7, 241, 244, 248; and Custine, 215; on Committee of Public Safety, 216; attitude to dissidents, 225; condemns de-Christiani
zation policy, 233; and Hébertists, 235; Desmoulins infuriates, 236; at the theatre, 237; defends arrest of Danton, 239; Lucille Desmoulins’s mother appeals to, 245; does not witness guillotinings, 248; his life in danger, 248; attacks atheism, 251; and Festival of Supreme Being, 251–4; feared and disliked, 254; difficulties with colleagues, 256–9; plans laid for his overthrow, 259; last speech in Convention, 259–60; deputies attack, 260–61; Jacobin Club supports, 261; last appearance in Convention, 262–3; arrested, 263; confident of his future, 264; Merda claims to shoot, 265; an appeal to arms, 266; his wound, 266–7; execution, 267–8

Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste de Vimeur, Comte de (1725–1807), 119, 145, 316

Roederer, Pierre Louis, Comte de (1754–1835), 156–8, 316

Roland, Jean-Marie (1734–93), personality, 139; joins Jacobins, 140; Minister of Interior, 144; and Louis XVI, 146; and
sans-culottes
, 147; and September Massacres, 177; and Danton, 181; his papers seized, 195; and his wife, 223–4; suicide, 316

Roland, Manon Jeanne (1754–93), appearance and personality, 139–40; and Girondins, 140; her salon, 144; on Dumouriez, 144; and her husband, 146; and Danton, 167, 178, 181, 237; attitude to Revolution, 178; on ‘freedom’ in Paris, 185; literary influences on, 212; trial and execution, 223–4; on Terror, 229; ‘sick of blood’, 229

Romeuf, Jean Louis, 126–7

Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757–1818), 57

Roux, Jacques, and King’s execution, 186, 187; plans series of
journées
, 194; castigates Government, 211–12; discredited, 212; death of, 316

Royale, Madame (Marie Thérèse,
eldest daughter of Louis XVI
), birth of, 23; appears with Queen on balcony, 103; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; imprisoned, 182, 183; on her father’s last hours, 185–6; on parting between Queen and Dauphin, 221; later life, 314

royalists, insurrection in provinces, 153; hope for restoration, 280; Louis XVIII, 281; uprisings, 281, 283, 284; after
journée
of
Vendémiaire
, 288; Directory attitude to, 291, 294; feeling against restoration, 294; and Augerau, 297

Sacleux, Marie-Catherine-Victoire, 97

Saint-Étienne, Rabaut, 184

Saint-Honorine, Piquod de, 77

Saint-Just, Louis de (1767–94), 254, 264; demands King’s execution, 182, 184; violent views expressed by, 225, 268; and Danton, 236, 238, 239, 241; fabricates evidence, 242; and Robespierre, 257; compromises, 259; and Collot d’Herbois, 261–2; speaks in National Convention, 262; arrested, 263; prisoner, 266; and Rights of Man, 267; execution, 267, 268

Saint-Méard, Journiac de, 171–3

Sainte-Ménéhould, 123, 125, 128

sans-culottes
, and Bailly and Pétion, 135; independent action, 147; and Legislative Assembly, 151, 159; and National Guard, 153; and Danton, 179; demand King’s execution, 184; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; and Jacobins, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; militia raised, 198; granted daily allowance, 211; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; attitude to Robespierre, 254; in prominence again, 271; excluded from meetings of
sections
, 272; and gap between rich and poor, 273; bread riots, 274–7;
journée
of 1
Priarial
, 278; further weakened, 280; Convention uses against royalists, 283; influence destroyed, 288

Sanson, Charles (b. 1739), 187, 188–9, 309, 316

Sanson, Henri (d. 1840), 187, 222, 316

Santerre, Antoine Joseph (1752–1809),
Vainqueur de la Bastille
, 82; at demolition of Vincennes, 133, 134; in hiding, 135; and invasion of Tuileries, 147, 148; commands National Guard, 154; warned of forthcoming attacks on prisons, 169–70; and
septembriseurs
, 177; and King’s execution, 186; later life, 316–17

Sauce, Jean Baptiste, 125–6, 128

Sauce, Madame, 127

Sauvigny, Bertier de, 92

September Massacres, 170–79; revulsion against, 181

Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbé (1748–1836), 94; history, 43–4; and Third Estate, 54, 55, 59; supports Mirabeau, 62;
monarchien
, 133; and Directory, 291; warns against return to ‘disastrous times’, 299–300; plans
coup d’état
, 301; and Bonaparte, 302; Consul of French Republic, 304; later life, 317

Sillery,
a Girondin leader
, 223

Staël, Madame de, 144, 152

Sullivan, Eleonora, 120

Sweden, 298

Swiss Guards, at storming of Tuileries, 155, 159, 160, 161; in September Massacres, 173–4

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de,
later
Prince of Benevento (1754–1838), 42, 114, 259, 303, 317

Tallien, Jean Lambert (1767–1820), Terror at Bordeaux, 228; Robespierre attacks, 260; attacks Saint-Just and Robespierre, 262; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; becomes reactionary, 271; calls for vengeance, 277–8; later life, 317